MODERN HORSEMANSHIP 



(0 






Modern Horsemanship 



A NEW METHOD OF TEACHING 



Riding and Training 



BT MEANS OF 



Pictures from the Life 




By EDWARD LJ ANDERSON 



AUTHOR OF 'HOW TO KIDE,' 'A SYSTEM OF SCHOOL TRAINING FOR HORSES, 
' THE GALLOP,' ETC. ETC. 



l^ 



MA 1884. t 




CINCINNATI 
ROBERT CLARKE & CO 

i 



Copyright, 1884, 
EDWARD L. ANDERSON. 



All rights reserved. 



THIS WORK 



IS DEDICATED TO 



THOMAS GIBSON BOWLES 



BY HIS FRIEND 



THE AUTHOR 



• M 



CONTENTS. 



PART I. 

RIDING. 

CHAP. PAGE 

I.— INTRODUCTORY, i 

II.— TO MOUNT, 4 

III.— THE SEAT, 9 

IV.— THE SNAFFLE BRIDLE, . . . .11 

V.— THE DOUBLE BRIDLE, .... 17 



* 



VI.— HANDS AND LEGS, 

The Walk— The Trot— The Gallop. 

VII.— LEAPING, .... 



VIII.— DIFFICULT HORSES, . .... 37 

a2 



Vlll 



CONTENTS. 



PART II. 



TRAINING. 



I.— THE RESULTS OF TRAINING, 



PAGE 

53 



II.— DISCIPLINE AND EXERCISE, 



60 



III.— SUPPLING AND COLLECTING, 



IV.— IN THE SNAFFLE BIT, 



65 
68 



V._ IN THE SNAFFLE BIT— Continued, 



73 



VI.— RIDING IN THE SNAFFLE, 
The Walk— The Trot. 



79 



VII.— RIDING IN THE SNAFFLE— Continued, . 

The Head and Croup to the Wall — Shoulder-in- 
The Gallop. 



85 



VIII.— THE SPUR, 



92 



IX.— THE DOUBLE-REINED BRIDLE, . 

Flexions of the Jaw and Neck— The Height of 
the Head. 



95 



X.— COLLECTING 



In Hand (in place and in action) — The Union (in 
action) — The Poise (Equilibrium: The Halt). 



99 



CONTENTS. IX 

CHAP. PAGE 

XL— ON THE UNION, 107 

The Walk— The Trot— To back. 

XII.— LOW PIROUETTES— TRAVERSING AT THE 

WALK— DEMI- VOLTES, . . . .116 

XIII.— INDICATIONS OF CURB BIT — TRAVERSING 
AT THE UNITED TROT— REVERSED PIR- 
OUETTES, .124 

XIV.— THE GALLOP, . . . . ■ .13° 

Changes of Lead — Demi- voltes — Pirouettes. 

XV.— DESCENT OF THE PIAND, . . . 138 

Union without Support. 

XVI.— LEAPING, 140 

XVII. -THE HIGH SCPIOOL, . . . .143 

XVIII.— THE PACES OF THE HORSE, . . .158 

• The Walk— The Trot— The Gallop. 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



DIAGRAMS. 

HORSE, SHOWING THE PARTS, . 

THE SADDLE, . , . . . 

THE BIT, THE CAVESSON, AND THE BRIDLE, 

THE BRIDLE HAND, . 

SHIFTING THE REINS, . 

TRAVERSING, Etc., . . . 



PAGE 

3 



19 

22 

23 

87 



INSTANTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHS. 



Fig. i. MOUNTING, First Position, . 

2. MOUNTING, Second Position, 

3. MOUNTING, Third Position, 

4. THE SEAT, 



lacing p, 



acme vage 



X 



Xll 



INSTANTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHS. 



Fig. 5. 
6. 

7- 
8. 



MOUNTING WITHOUT STIRRUPS, . facing page 9 

MOUNTING WITHOUT STIRRUPS, . . 9 

ELEVATION OF HEAD, BY SNAFFLE REINS, 71 

POSITION OF HEAD, BY SNAFFLE REINS, . 71 

BENDING HEAD AND SUPPLING NECK, . 72 

BENDING HEAD AT THE WALK, . . 72 

BRINGING HIND-LEGS UNDER THE BODY,. 73 

TRANSFERRING THE POWER OF THE WHIP 

TO THE HEELS, . . . -73 



13- 
14. 

15- 

16. 

i7- 

18. 

19. 



REVERSED PIROUETTE, on Foot, 

REVERSED PIROUETTE, Mounted, 

SUPPLING THE JAW, 

POSITION OF THE HEAD, 

IN HAND, .... 

POISE, in Place, 

POISE, from the Trot, 

BACKING, .... 

SHOULDER-IN, 

TRAVERSING, .... 



/ 



77 
77 
96 
96 
101 

IOI 

105 

105 
116 
116 



/ 



/ 



INSTANTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHS. 



Xlll 



Fig. 23. LOW PIROUETTE, . . . facing page 118 

24. DEMI-VOLTE IN GALLOP,. . . .118 

25. TAKING THE GALLOP FROM THE POISE IN 



THE TROT, 

26. THE POSE, 

27. SPANISH TROT, 

28. PIAFFE R, 



131 
131 

145 

145 



NOTE. 

The Instantaneous Photographs in the Volume were 
made by Mr. Alexander Nicol, Edinburgh, and 
printed from his negatives by the Autotype Company, 
London. 

January 14, 1884. 




FIG. 1. MOUNTING, FIRST POSITION. 



2. MOUNTING, SECOND POSITION. 



MODERN HORSEMANSHIP. 



PART I.— RIDING. 



CHAPTER L— INTRODUCTORY. 

For our purposes, we shall consider as the Fore- 
hand of the horse all that part which is in front of 
the saddle ; that is, the head, the neck, the shoulders, 
and the fore-legs. The Hind-quarters will be under- 
stood to embrace the croup, the haunches, and the 
hind-legs. In the Middle-piece are the back, the 
belly, and the sides. 

The object of the rider will be to acquire a firm 
and easy seat, from which he can control the move- 
ments of the horse by means of the reins and his 
heels. For it is not by the reins alone that the 
rider can demand obedience from the horse ; the 
animal must be taught to answer the application of 
the heels before it can be placed in the positions 
from which it is able to give prompt obedience to 



2 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

the rider. The reins will act to direct the forehand 
and to restrain the horse, the heels will incite action 
and govern the movements of the hind-quarters. 
The hand and heels, acting together, will collect the 
forces of both extremities, so that they may be under 
the immediate control of the rider. To have the 
horse light, easy, and obedient, the forehand and 
the hind-quarters must work in unison ; then the 
effects of the bit will be felt by the mass, and the 
action of the heels will influence all the parts. But 
if the horse be not collected, the forehand would 
turn at the indication of the bit, while the hind- 
quarters would follow the original direction, until 
they were forcibly dragged after the forehand ; or, 
in answer to the heels, the hind-quarters might be 
thrust upon the unprepared forehand, and make 
that part heavy and constrained in action. Of 
course at liberty the horse requires neither reins nor 
heels to direct and control its motions, but when 
it is mounted, and its impulses are checked and 
thwarted, the animal obeys those indications of the 
rider that it understands ; so when the forehand is 
pulled in a certain direction, and the hind-quarters 
receive no orders, the latter part will not conform 
its movements to those of the disconnected fore- 
hand in a manner that will give light and easy 
action. Each extremity of the horse must be pre- 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 3 

pared, by the aid that governs it, for every move- 
ment of the other ; and the forces of the forehand 
and of the hind-quarters must be so collected that 
they will act together. 

These are the general principles of horsemanship, 
and they must be understood and practised before 
the rider can expect to manage his horse. In the 
Second Part of this work the subject of collecting 
will be explained in all its details ; for the present 
the reader will be called upon to acquire those 
rules only that are necessary for riding a horse 
broken in the usual manner. 




A. Forehand. B. Middle-piece. C. Hind-quarter, i. Head. 2. Neck. 3. Shoulder. 
4. Fore-legs. 5. Back. 6. Side. 7. Croup. 8. Haunch. 9. Hind-legs. 



ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 



CHAPTER II— TO MOUNT. 

The usual method of mounting is for the rider to 
stand with his left side opposite the near (or left) 
shoulder of the horse : with the left hand, in which 
the whip and reins are held, he seizes a lock of the 
mane ; raising the left leg, he inserts the foot in the 
stirrup by the aid of the right hand ; leaving the 
ground by a spring from the right foot, assisted by 
the hold of the mane in the left hand, he rises until 
the left leg is straightened, having seized the cantel 
of the saddle with the right hand to steady him- 
self ; withdrawing the right hand he passes the right 
leg over the back of the horse, and sinks into 
the seat. 

To my mind there are many objections to this 
mode of mounting, the principal being, that the left 
hand, entangled in the mane, cannot use the rein for 
the purpose of checking the horse ; that the rider, 
standing at the shoulder of the horse, may be over- 
turned by a movement of the animal, and perhaps 
be dragged by the stirrup, or be thrown under the 




FIG. 3. MOUNTING. THIRD POSITION. 



4. THE 6EAT. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 5 

iron-shod feet ; that the pull upon the cantel may 
turn the saddle ; and that the right arm is taken 
away, to permit the right leg being passed over the 
back of the horse, at the moment its support is 
greatly needed. 

For those who mount with the stirrup I suggest 
the following method, which is free from all of these 
dangers. 1 

Let the rider stand opposite the girth, facing the 
near side of the horse : holding the reins in his right 
hand, he should with that hand take a grasp of the 
saddle on the pommel or just back of it ; then let 
him insert the left foot in the stirrup and take a lock 
of the mane in the left hand ; aided by the grasps 
upon the saddle and the mane he should rise from 
the right foot and take his weight upon the left leg 
straightened in. the stirrup, then carry the right leg 
over the back of the horse, and sink into the seat. 
By following this mode the horse may be readily 
checked by removing the right hand from the saddle ; 
the left foot will come out of the stirrup if the horse 
moves forward before the rider has left the ground 
from his right foot ; the support from the right arm 
does not require to be withdrawn to pass the right leg 
over the back of the horse, and there is no danger 
of pulling the saddle from its place, as the rider may 

1 See the three figures of Mounting with Stirrups. 



ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 



mount in this way without girths. To dismount, by 
the method I recommend, the rider will take the 
right foot out of its stirrup, seize the mane and 
pommel as in mounting, take a bearing upon the 




The Saddle.— i. The Pommel. 2. The Cantel. 3. The Flap. 4. The Skirt. 
5. The Pannel. 6. The Stirrup. .7. The Stirrup-Leather. 

left stirrup, carry the right leg over the back of the 
horse, and, supported by the hands, gradually let 
himself down until the right foot is planted upon the 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 7 

ground, when the left foot will be withdrawn from 
the stirrup, and, after he is assured of his footing, the 
holds upon the mane and pommel released. 

But a rider of ordinary strength and agility should 
not require the stirrup in mounting or dismounting. 
To mount without stirrups 1 the rider should stand 
facing the near shoulder of the horse : with the left 
hand he will seize a lock of the mane, half way 
between the withers and the ears ; and with the 
right hand, in which are held the reins, he will 
grasp the pommel, the thumb under the bow, the 
fingers extended toward the ground on the far side ; 
springing from both feet he will take his weight 
upon the straightened arms, and from this position 
he will carry his right leg over the back of the horse, 
and sink gently into the saddle. When the seat is 
secured, the holds upon mane and pommel will be 
released. In this manner he may mount the most 
restless animal, for after he has taken the grasp upon 
the mane and the pommel the horse cannot prevent 
him reaching the saddle ; and it is easier to mount 
the horse, by taking advantage of its motions, when 
in action than from a halt. In mounting the 
moving horse in this manner, the rider should be 
careful not to spring with too much vigour or .to 
throw his body too much over the horse, as the 

1 See the two figures of Mounting without Stirrups. 



8 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

movement of the animal aids him in rising, and 
the more rapidly it goes the less of a spring will 
be required. 

To dismount without stirrups, the rider will take 
the holds upon the mane and the pommel, as in 
mounting ; then, leaning forward, he will take his 
weight upon his arms, throw the right leg over the 
back of the horse, and gently let himself down to 
the ground, releasing the holds upon mane and 
pommel when he is assured of his footing. To 
dismount from the moving horse, he will reach the 
ground prepared to take a few steps in the direction 
the horse is going, just as he would leave a tram- 
car in motion. In dismounting without stirrups, it 
is necessary to keep the reins in the right hand, so 
that there may be no danger of being thrown under 
the feet of the horse in the eftort to stop him, as 
might happen should the reins be held in the left 
hand. 

The rider should practise mounting and dis- 
mounting upon the right or off side of the horse, as 
well as upon the usual side. Some men who have 
been accustomed to ride for years would find it 
difficult to mount upon the off side should occasion 
require it. 




FIG. 5. MOUNTING WITHOUT STIRRUPS. 6. MOUNTING WITHOUT STIRRUPS. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 



CHAPTER III.— THE SEAT 1 

The security of the rider's seat depends upon the 
perpendicular application of his weight, the grasp of 
his thighs, and the friction of the parts touching the 
saddle. He must therefore have a seat that will 
permit him to bend the upper part of the body with 
the motions of the horse, that will permit him to 
have the best use of the muscles of the thighs, and 
that will give him as many points of contact with 
the saddle as these other conditions make possible. 

A man can have but one seat for all kinds of 
riding, for any change from that which is above 
described must be for the worse. 

To obtain his seat, the rider will, upon reaching 
the saddle, take his weight upon his buttocks, keep 
the body erect, the loins slightly hollowed, the 
shoulders back, and the chin drawn in ; with the 
inner or flat surfaces of the thighs, he will take 
every point of contact possible from the knees up, 
with such a result that about one-third of his weight 
will be taken by those parts, the remainder being 

1 See Figure 4. 



IO ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

supported by the buttocks. The upper part of the 
body must be held without stiffness, and should be 
ready to bend in any direction upon the hips ; but 
the grasp of the thighs is not to be disturbed, and 
from the hips to the knees there should be no 
motion or changes. The lower part of the legs, 
from the knees down, should fall naturally, and 
should be completely under the control of the rider, 
in order that the indications of the calf and heel 
may be given with precision. 

From this seat the rider should practise bending 
the body forward, to either side and backward, with- 
out disturbing the grasp of the thighs or moving 
the feet. Then, with the body erect, he should, 
keeping the thighs close to the saddle, exercise the 
lower parts of the legs, until he finds that he can 
use them without interfering with the seat or dis- 
turbing the carriage of the body. 

The stirrups must be adapted to the seat, not 
the seat to the stirrups. The right length of the 
stirrup-leathers will be found when the toes, placed 
in the irons no farther than the balls of the feet, 
are slightly higher than the heels. The object in 
elevating the toes is not to make rigid the muscles 
of the legs, but to permit the calves of the legs to 
be applied to the sides of the horse without giving 
unintentional scratches with the spur. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. I I 



CHAPTER IV.— THE SNAFFLE BRIDLE. 

« 

Before one can excel in horsemanship he must 
become ambidextrous — he must learn to use each 
hand with precision, force, and effect ; otherwise 
both he and his horse will be but half-trained, and 
the movements to one side will be made with less 
clearness than those to the other side. 

The beginner should be mounted upon a quiet 
horse that is light in the mouth, and he should use 
a simple snaffle bridle. He should hold a rein in 
each hand, the little finger towards the head of the 
horse, the thumbs held near together above the 
pommel, the nails towards the ground. The elbows 
should be close to the body, for if they are thrust 
out the rider cannot have that delicate touch upon 
the mouth of the horse that is so necessary. The 
hands will be held high or low as the horse holds 
his head low or high, and the first thing the rider 
should discover for himself is the height at which 
his hands should be held to insure his horse moving 
properly. 



12 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

If the horse throws up its head, and is awkward 
in movement, the rider may be assured that he is 
holding the reins too high. If the horse lowers the 
head, and leans upon the hand, the reins should be 
elevated, and the legs closed against the sides of 
the horse, so that the hind-legs will be carried 
under the mass and relieve the forehand. 

The tension upon both reins should be even, and 
only strong enough to keep the rider in communica- 
tion with the mouth of the horse. 

To put the horse into a walk, the rider will close 
in his legs and take a light feeling of both reins, 
then he will press the calves of his legs against the 
sides of the horse and at the same time yield the 
hands sufficiently to let the horse advance at a walk. 
When the horse moves, the reins will be drawn until 
the mouth can be felt, and the rider will keep his 
legs near the sides, to prevent, by their pressure, 
when necessary, the animal coming to a halt. 

Before a change of direction is made, the horse 
must be prepared for it by the rider collecting the 
forces of the animal between his hand and heels ; 
the latter first acting to bring up the hind-quarters, 
the hand meeting the impulse given by the heels, so 
that, while the rate of speed is not affected, the 
extremities of the horse are ready to work in 
unison. These applications of the aids are to be 



RIDING AND TRAINING. I 3 

made gently, and it will be by practice only that the 
rider will be able to employ them properly. 

To turn the horse to the right, the rider will 
draw the right rein towards his body, and measure 
its effects by the left rein, so that the turn will not 
be too short, and that he may keep full control of 
the movement; after the forehand answers to the 
bit, the rider's legs will be closed, the left rather 
more strongly than the right, so that the hind- 
quarters will follow the forehand, and not be 
thrown too much to the left. The turn to the 
left will be effected by the opposite aids in a similar 
manner. 

To bring the horse to a halt, the rider will gently 
close in both legs, and increase the tension upon the 
reins, releasing first the pressure of the legs and 
then the tension of the hands, when the horse has 
come to a stop. 

Before the beginner undertakes to ride the horse 
in a pace faster than a walk he should be perfectly 
assured in his management of the reins, and should 
in the manner above described move the horse in 
circles and in figures of eight, changing the aids, in 
the latter exercise, at the points where the changes 
of direction take place. 

During the lessons in the walk, the rider should 
take pains to confirm himself in the proper seat. 



14 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

The body should be erect, but easy, and while it is 
not necessary or desirable that a very firm grasp 
of the thighs should be maintained, they should 
be held in the proper position, with the flat parts 
against the saddle, and the points of the knees 
turned towards the horse. The feet should bear 
enough weight in the stirrups only to hold them in 
place, and if the seat is right the feet will be found 
parallel to the sides of the horse. In turning to 
either side, whether at the walk, the trot, or the 
gallop, the shoulder of that side will be retired, more 
or less depending upon the speed and the angle 
of the turn ; and in all circles the inner shoulder 
should be retired and the body inclined towards the 
centre, depending in extent upon the speed with 
which the movement is executed and the diameter of 
the circle. In turning to either side the rider should 
avoid the fault, that is common with most begin- 
ners, of releasing the pressure of the outside knee ; 
and he should also guard himself against leaning 
forward at any sudden and unexpected movement 
of the horse. As a rule, the rider should lean for- 
ward if the forehand rises, and should lean back 
when the croup rises. So, when a horse rears, the 
rider should lean forward, but the body should be 
carried back when the horse kicks or stumbles. If 
these instructions are borne in mind, the rider will 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 1 5 

in time bend the body with the motions of the horse 
without being aware of any mental effort, and it is 
only by such practice that one becomes a skilled 
rider. I do not mean, by what I have written above, 
that the rider should keep his body swinging like 
a metronome. It is only when the motion of 
the horse is vigorous enough to demand a corre- 
sponding motion on the part of the rider, to keep 
his equilibrium, that the body should be moved ; 
but the rider must be ready at any moment to 
make the bend of the body, and it is only practice 
and presence of mind that will bring this faculty 
'to an instinct. 

To put the horse into the trot, the rider should 
first demand the walk. Then he will close his legs 
against the sides of the horse, and take a light ten- 
sion upon the reins, in such a manner as not to 
quicken or retard the pace. This application of the 
aids will serve to collect the horse, and when this 
has been effected, as will be perceived by the more 
vigorous action with which the walk is performed, 
the horse will be urged to greater exertion by an 
increased pressure of the legs or by a tap of the 
whip behind the girths, and the hands will give 
sufficient freedom for the animal to move forward 
in the trot. 

The rider will endeavour to keep the pace even 



I 6 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

and regular, and will avoid all violence in the ap- 
plication of the aids. His aim should be to see 
with what light touches upon the reins he can 
control the horse. The more perfectly ' the union ' 
between the forehand and the croup is maintained 
by the combined action of the hand and heels, 
the lighter, easier, and more graceful will be the 
pace. 

In the trot, the horse should be ridden in circles 
and in figures of eight, by the same application of 
the aids as in the walk. Before a change of direc- 
tion is made, the horse should be collected between 
the heels and hands, but without retarding or ac- 
celerating the pace. 

To bring the horse to a halt from the trot, 
the rider will first collect the forces; then, by a 
continued pressure of the heels, followed by an in- 
ward tension upon the reins, he will bring the horse 
to a walk ; by the same means it should then be 
brought to a stop, when the hands will release the 
tension upon the reins, and the legs be withdrawn 
from the sides. 

During the lessons in the walk and in the trot, 
the rider should endeavour to obtain a seat that is 
quite independent of any support from the reins, 
and until he has accomplished this he should not 
make use of the double bridle. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. I J 



CHAPTER V.— THE DOUBLE BRIDLE. 

In the double bridle we have the curb bit and the 
snaffle. It is with the first of these that the horse 
should be habitually ridden, as it acts upon the 
lower jaw of the horse, and gives the rider greater 
control over the animal. The snaffle is merely an 
aid to the curb bit, and should be placed well up 
in the corners of the mouth. The curb bit should 
be arranged so that it will take a bearing upon 
the bare bars of the mouth, — say half an inch 
above the tusks of a horse, or one inch above the 
corner teeth of a mare. The mouth-piece should 
have a liberty for the tongue, so that the bit may 
take effect upon the bars of the mouth. The size 
of this liberty, or port as it is called, should depend 
upon the size of the tongue of the horse. If the 
horse have a thick tongue the port will be made 
correspondingly high ; if the tongue be small, the 
port should be decreased, but the mouth-piece 
should not vary greatly from the pattern known as 
the 'Melton.' If the horse have a clean head, the 
mouth-piece should be wide enough only to give 

B 



iS ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

the branches free play ; but if the lips be thick, as 
is often the case in coarse-bred animals, the mouth- 
piece should be roomy, or the branches will pinch 
the lips against the curb chain. 

The curb bit is designed to act as a lever of the 
second class. The curb chain, passing from the 
upper-arms under the chin, gives to the upper ends 



of the bit a fulcrum ; the 



power is applied through 



the reins to the lower br inches of the bit, and the 
weight or effect is felt upon the bars of the horse's 
jaw. With loosely fitting bearings upon the yielding 
head of a horse, it is impossible to secure all the 
power of the lever, or to accurately give the pro- 
portions. Generally speaking, the upper-arms of 
the bit, from the centre of the mouth-piece to the 
point where the curb chain takes its bearing, should 
be from one and three-quarters to one and seven- 
eighths inches, depending upon the depth of the 
jaw. The branches should be long or short, as the 
rider wishes a mild or a severe bit. If the bit 
be too mild in its effects, the rider runs the risk 
of encouraging the animal to bear upon the hand. 
But, except with a skilled horseman, it is dangerous 
to have a severe bit upon a light-mouthed horse 
that is high in the forehand. If the branches be 
no longer than the upper-arms, the power applied 
to the mouth of the horse cannot be greater than 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 



19 





The Bit. 

1. Upper arm of curb bit. 

2. Branches of curb bit. 

3. Port. 

4. Curb chain hook. 

The Cavesson. 

1. The ring for the longe-line. 

2. The side-lines. 



The Bridle. 

. The curb bit. 
Curb chain. 
Lip strap. 
Curb rein. 
Snaffle rein. 
Snaffle bit. 
Throat lash. 



20 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

the pull upon the reins, and the only advantage 
such a bit has over a snaffle is that the power will 
always be applied in the right place. As the 
branches are lengthened, the power of the bit is 
increased. But as it should be the intention of the 
rider to teach the horse to yield to the slightest 
touches of the hand, he should not depend too much 
upon the power of his bit. If the branches are 
four and a half inches long, the bit will be powerful 
enough to teach the horse to yield the jaw, and yet 
be not too severe for ordinary riding. But every 
horse should be ridden in the bit that best suits 
it, and nothing but trials will show what that bit 
may be. 

The curb chain should lie in the groove under the 
jaw of the horse, fitting closely, but not so as to pinch 
the horse before the reins are drawn. The curb 
chain should not be loosened or tightened to give a 
mild or a severe effect to the bit : but the branches 
should be altered to meet the case. 

No double bit will supply the place of the curb 
and snaffle bits ; and no martingales should be used, 
as they prohibit a light hand, and interfere with 
the action of the bits. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 2 I 



CHAPTER VL— HANDS AND LEGS. 

THE WALK— THE TROT— THE GALLOP. 

In riding with the double bridle, the reins should 
be carried in one hand, and the other hand will 
assist. By custom, derived from military horseman- 
ship, the left is the bridle hand, but the rider must 
be able to use the right with equal skill. There are 
various ways prescribed for holding the reins, but 
I prefer the following. In the left hand : the little 
finger dividing the curb reins (the left rein under- 
most), the middle finger dividing the snaffle reins 
(the left rein undermost), both sets carried up 
through the hand, clasped by the thumb against the 
fore-finger, and the loose ends falling over the 
knuckles. The hand should be held directly in 
front of the body, the little finger towards the 
ground, the thumb pointing between the ears of the 
horse. The right hand should be carried upon the 
loose ends of the reins, ready to give assistance to 
the bridle hand. 

To shift the reins into the right hand, it will be 



22 



ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 



placed in front of the left, the little finger will clasp 
the right curb rein, the third finger will clasp the 
left curb rein, the middle finger will clasp the right 
snaffle rein, the fore-finger will clasp the. left snaffle 
rein ; the left hand will then pass the reins into the 
right, the thumb of which will secure them against 
the fore-finger, and the reins will be held in the right 




The Bridle Hand. 



hand in exactly the same manner as they were held 
by the left. (See Cut of Shifting the Reins.) 

If the change of reins from the left hand to the 
right be but for, a short time, they may be shifted 
in the following manner. Turn the left hand so 
that the finger nails are towards the ground : then 
pass the right hand in front of the left, and drop the 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 



23 



fingers of the right hand through the reins so that 
the first finger divides the curb reins, the third 
finger divides the snaffle reins. This is a very 
rapid method, but it will be seen that the position of 
the fingers with regard to the reins are changed, and 
the hand has not nearly so much power. To transfer 
them back to the left : the left hand is passed in 




Shifting the Reins. 

front of the right, and the fingers are dropped 
through the reins, so that they are held in the left 
hand as at first. 

In riding in the double bridle, the two reins of 
the same side should never have an equal tension. 
That is, if the curb rein is acting, the snaffle rein 
should be loose, and vice versa. If, then, in riding 



24 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

upon one bit it is desired to have the effect of the 
other, the bridle hand will yield as the aiding hand 
takes up the reins of the other bit. The horse will 
be ridden in the curb bit, and the snaffle bit 
will be used to elevate the head, and to in- 
augurate the bends and turns before the horse 
answers to the indirect curb rein, as will be here- 
after explained. 

To put the horse into a walk, the rider will draw 
the curb reins until he can take a feeling upon the 
mouth of the horse. He will then close his legs 
against the sides of the horse, and make gentle 
vibrations with the curb reins, until the animal 
yields the under jaw and sustains its head without 
support from the bit. The horse is then in hand, 
and ready to proceed. 1 Continuing the pressure of 
the legs, the hand will yield sufficiently to let the 
horse proceed at a walk, and as soon as it begins the 
movement the hand should resume the feeling upon 
the mouth, while the rider's legs prevent the horse 
coming to a stop. The tension upon the reins 
should not be constant, but by a series of little 
touches the rider should keep control and endeavour 
to make the horse's jaw pliant, yielding the tension 
upon the reins, by a slight movement of the hand 
whenever the horse yields the jaw. If the horse carry 

1 See Figure 17. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 25 

the head too low, and will not raise it in answer to 
the curb-reins, the bridle hand will be advanced for 
a moment, and the right hand pulling the snaffle 
reins from below upward will induce the animal to 
elevate the head, when the tension upon the curb 
reins will be resumed. 

To turn to the right, the right hand will bend the 
head of the horse in the proper direction by the 
right snaffle rein, and the bridle hand will be carried 
to the right, so that the left curb rein is borne 
against the left side of the horse's neck. After the 
horse enters upon the hew direction an even tension 
will be taken upon the curb reins. To turn to the 
left, the reins will be shifted into the right hand ; 
the left hand will bend the head in the new direction 
by the left snaffle rein, the right hand will be carried 
over to the left, so that the right curb rein is borne 
against the right side of the neck of the horse, and 
after the horse has entered upon the new line the 
bridle hand will resume an even tension upon both 
curb reins. In time the horse will learn to obey 
the indication of the indirect curb rein thus given, 
and the use of the snaffle will gradually be aban- 
doned, and the horse will be turned to either side 
by the left or bridle hand, carrying the reins 
towards the side upon which the turn is to be made. 
In turning, in the double bridle, the legs will assist 



2 6 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

the hands in the manner described in the fourth 
chapter, that is, both legs will close against the 
sides of the horse, the outside leg a little more 
strongly than the inside. 

To bring the horse to a halt from the walk, the 
rider will close his legs against the sides of the 
horse and draw the reins towards his body, re- 
leasing first the tension upon the reins and then the 
pressure of the legs when the horse has come to a 
stop. 

To put the horse into a trot, the rider will first 
demand the walk ; he will then collect the horse 
between heels and hand without increasing the pace. 
The horse is then ready for the trot, which will be 
produced by increasing the pressure of the legs and 
giving sufficient liberty from the hand, the tension 
upon the reins being resumed when the horse begins 
to trot, while the heels are ready to keep up the 
action. As the trot is a pace in which the horse 
goes from one pair of diagonal legs to the other, 
raising each side to the same height, the tension of 
the reins should be even. If a disposition is shown 
to break into a gallop, in which one side is raised 
higher than the other, the trot may be maintained by 
holding the reins of even length and drawing them 
towards the body. 

To bring the horse to a halt from a trot, the 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 2 7 

rider should close in his legs against the animal's 
sides and increase the tension upon the reins, until 
it comes to a walk, when it will be brought to a 
stop in the same manner. Whenever the horse is 
brought to a stop from action, the legs of the rider 
should prevent the halt being made too abruptly. 

The turns will be made in the trot exactly in the 
same manner as in the walk, the horse being col- 
lected before the turn is made. 

To understand how the horse may be made to 
gallop it is necessary to know how it performs the 
pace. The gallop is a series of leaps, in which the 
horse leaves the ground from one of its fore-feet — 
with which it is said to lead — and receives its weight 
upon the hind-foot diagonally disposed; the other 
hind-foot and its diagonally disposed fore-foot then 
come to the ground at the same moment, then the 
first used or leading fore-foot is planted, and from 
the latter the horse again goes in air. At each stride 
the fore-foot and the hind-foot of the leading side 
are planted in front of the fore-foot and the hind- 
foot, respectively, of the other side. 

If the horse take the advanced steps with the 
fore-leg of one side and the hind-leg of the other 
side, it is disconnected in its gallop. 

If it turn to the right when the left legs are 
taking the advanced steps, it is false in its gallop. 



2 8 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

To be true and connected in the gallop, the fore 
and hind legs of each side must take corresponding 
steps, and the turns must be made to the side with 
which the horse leads. 

To make the horse gallop with either side from 
the halt, the walk, or the trot, the animal must first 
be collected between heels and hand ; by an upward 
play of the direct rein, or the rein upon the side 
with which the horse is to lead, the rider will lighten 
that side, and by a pressure of the opposite heel will 
stimulate the action and induce the hind-quarters 
to follow in the proper steps. The result of these 
applications of the aids will be that the horse will 
strike off in the gallop with the desired lead. 

Whenever, in demanding the gallop, or in any 
other case, one rein or one heel is employed, its 
effect must be measured by the other rein or heel, 
so that the forehand or croup will not be turned or 
bent more than is required. 

When the horse takes the gallop, in answer to 
the aids employed as I have described, from the 
halt, the weights are carried back, the forehand is 
raised, and as it again comes to the ground the 
fore-leg upon the lightened side is extended, and 
from it the horse goes into the gallop. 

The ' break ' from a fast or disconnected trot is 
a very different performance. In that case the 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 20. 

weights are thrown upon the forehand ; the hind- 
leg, which should come to the ground with a fore- 
leg, is not planted until after the latter receives the 
weight, and the order of steps are then — from the 
time the delayed hind-foot comes to the ground — 
those of the gallop. 

To keep the horse united in the gallop the rider 
should sit quietly, and he must take care not to let 
the hand interfere with the motion of the animal. 
He should turn only to the side with which his 
horse is leading, and, until he has acquired great 
skill, he should not attempt to make the changes of 
lead in the gallop. When it is necessary to change 
the lead, the horse should be brought to a trot and 
the new lead taken from that pace. 

The beginner should not make his horse gallop 
from the halt or the walk, but after putting the 
horse into a collected trot he will find no diffi- 
culty in demanding the gallop by the means I have 
described. 

To bring the horse to. a trot from the gallop, the 
rider will first collect the animal, without affecting 
the rate of speed, and then, by continuing the pres- 
sure of his legs, and increasing the even tension 
upon both reins, reduce the speed and action to the 
trot. At the application of the riders legs the 
horse carries its hind-legs under the mass, and the 



30 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

hand then brings back the forces of the forehand, 
and governs the speed and the action. 

When, in any pace, the hand gives the horse 
liberty as the rider's legs are pressed against its 
sides, the speed will be increased, as the strides 
will then be made with greater vigour; but the 
further the legs of the horse are carried under the 
mass, the greater will be the power of the hand ; so 
that it will be seen that the legs of the rider must 
aid the hand in every movement, and that the rider's 
legs must prepare the horse to answer the hand. 
' This was sometime a paradox,' but, until those who 
dispute it show the same control over horses as 
those who practise it, we must be permitted to 
recommend the combined use of the aids. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 3 I 



CHAPTER VIL— LEAPING. 

In order that he may acquire a firm seat, and 
learn how to bend his body with the motions of the 
horse, the beginner must practise leaping. 

The early lessons in leaping should be made from 
a halt. The standing leap is more difficult than the 
flying leap, but the former has fewer dangers and 
the rules for the seat may be more properly observed. 

The beginner should be mounted upon a quiet 
horse that jumps with willingness, and at first the 
bar should not be higher than eighteen inches. As 
the rider acquires skill and confidence the bar should 
be raised by degrees, until he can keep his seat 
while the horse leaps the bar at an elevation of three 
and a half feet, when he may be satisfied that he can 
ride a horse in the flying leap over any obstacle that 
is within the powers of the animal. But the beginner 
must maintain his seat perfectly at each stage before 
he undertakes to increase the height of the leaps, 
and whenever he finds that at a certain height, his 
seat is disturbed he should lower the bar to a point 
that permits him to keep his seat in every particular. 



32 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

It is not necessary for the rider to confine himself to 
the standing leap until he is perfect at the highest 
limit I have placed, but he certainly should not 
undertake the flying leap until he can keep his seat 
at the standing leap over a height of thirty inches ; 
and this leaping from the halt should be practised 
until he can ride the horse over the bar at a height 
of three and a half feet, which is quite high enough 
to test both rider and horse. 

In taking the leap from a halt, the beginner should 
hold a snaffle rein in each hand, leaving the curb 
reins upon the neck of the horse ; this will teach him 
to hold both hands in front of the body, and to avoid 
the habit of raising an arm as the horse rises. The 
feet should be carried to the rear, so that the seat 
may not be forced by a direct bearing upon the 
stirrups. The thighs should close against the body 
of the horse, and the knees must not be allowed to 
go back as the horse rises, or to come up as the 
leap is finished. 

As the horse rises for the leap the rider will lean 
forward, yielding the hand at the same time, so that 
there shall be no tension upon the reins. As the 
horse gives the spring from his hind-quarters the 
rider should drop his hands and lean back, gently 
resuming the erect position when the hind-feet of 
the horse have reached the ground. These move- 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 33 

ments of the rider's body must not affect the grasp 
and position of the thighs, and the lower parts of the 
legs must be kept back until the jump is finished. 

As the horse alights the rider will resume the 
tension of the reins, and be ready to give the animal 
a firm support if it be required. But in taking 
the * touch ' of the horse's mouth there must be no 
violence, and in giving support the horse must not 
be hampered or harassed. As soon as the horse 
acknowledges the bit by yielding the jaw the hand 
should make a like concession. 

An attendant should, in the first lesson, direct the 
movements of the horse with a leading rein, so that 
the beginner may devote his attention to the positions 
of his body and extremities. After having taken 
a few leaps with the leading-rein the rider should be 
left to himself, so that he may learn to collect the 
horse for the leap. This collecting will be accom- 
plished by gentle vibrations of the reins and such 
pressures of the rider s heels as are required to 
make the horse gather itself for the exertion. To 
* raise ' a horse at a jump is a delicate operation, and 
the beginner should not attempt it. If the horse be 
a willing jumper the play of the bit made to collect 
its forces will be all that is required, and all that a 
beginner should attempt. But a horse can be raised 
to a leap, just as it can be raised to perform a 

c 



34 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

pesade or any of the high airs of the manage. By 
an unskilful horseman the animal may be pulled 
into the obstacle ; but that does not prove that the 
bit has no lifting power. 

Until the rider can take a low leap in perfect 
form, he should not try anything difficult. But 
when practice and care have made him expert, 
the bar may be raised two or three inches each 
day until the limit I have fixed has been reached. 

A horse can leap very readily from a collected 
trot — all the high movements of the manage are 
made from the passage — and the changes of motion 
from the trot to the leap and back again to the trot 
give excellent practice to the rider. The beginner 
will follow the same rules in riding the horse over 
obstacles from the trot as from the halt, and he will 
collect the horse, upon its alighting, to continue in 
the pace with which it approached the bar. 

When the horse takes a leap from the gallop it 
is not necessary for the rider to lean forward. As 
the horse springs from the ground he should lean 
back, more or less, depending upon the drop from 
the highest point in the leap, to resume the erect 
position as the hind-legs of the horse reach the 
ground. Upon a galloping horse the rider should 
approach a jump sitting down in the saddle, the 
knees and thighs close, the loins curved without 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 35 

rigidity, the feet a little in rear of the perpendicular, 
and the hands held low. 

The horse should be 'in hand,' and directed 
towards the obstacle, but, while the rider will not 
surrender control over the animal, it must be given 
liberty to determine where and with what exertion 
it must take off for the leap ; and, after it alights, 
the hand will offer such support as is required, and 
collect the horse for the same speed as that with 
which it approached the leap. In resuming the 
tension of the reins, the hand should act lightly, so 
that the horse may not be impeded in its efforts to 
secure its footing, but if the horse seeks the support 
of the reins, the rider must be ready to offer it. No 
attempt to lift the horse should be made in the 
flying leap, for, apart from the danger of pulling the 
horse into the obstacle, the animal will soon learn 
to wait for an indication from the rider when to take 
off, and in default of this may rise too late to clear 
the leap. 

A horse should never be whipped or spurred as 
it takes a leap, for such a course will make the 
exercise distasteful to the most generous animals. 
Nor should the horse be ridden at a high leap in 
a disunited form, nor at a rapid rate of speed. As 
a wide leap requires momentum, the horse may 
be ridden at water faster than at timber, but the 







6 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 



speed should never be so great that the animal 
cannot determine where to take off. 

If in leaping, or under any other* circumstances, 
the horse falls, the rider should retain his hold upon 
the reins until he is assured that his feet are free 
from the stirrups. 

As a rule, the snaffle bit only should be used in 
jumping, for except in the hands of a very skilful 
horseman the curb bit will induce the horse to leave 
the ground from and alight upon all four feet ; and 
in the hands of an inexpert rider the curb bit will 
by its severity drive the horse to refuse leaping 
altogether. The safest form in which a horse 
jumps is where it raises the forehand and leaves 
the ground from the hind-legs, and alights upon the 
fore-feet; and the greater the deliberation with 
which the leap is taken, the more certain the horse 
will be to jump in this manner. As might be ex- 
pected, the method so often adopted by the worst 
horsemen, of confining its head and driving the 
confused animal at an obstacle, forces the horse to 
jump in such a way that it cannot be certain of 
retaining its footing as it alights upon four feet, not 
one of which is properly under control. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 37 



CHAPTER VIIL— DIFFICULT HORSES. 

After the reader has schooled a horse he will 
not require any advice regarding the prevention 
of disorderly actions ; for the rider who has been 
able to make his horse perform the various school 
movements will understand how to acquire perfect 
control over the animal. 

But it is well to give some general rules for the 
guidance of the inexperienced pupil who finds him- 
self mounted upon a difficult horse, which has not 
been properly trained. As the man improves in 
skill, and the horse advances in its education, these 
methods may be superseded by others less crude and 
more in accordance with the system of training laid 
down in the second part of this work, but which 
would be hardly expedient for the untrained man 
and horse. 

Irritable Horses. — Among my acquaintances I 
number some excellent riders, and, while any of 
them would willingly try to render a vicious horse 
manageable, I do not know one who professes to 
enjoy riding a dangerous animal. I have observed 



38 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

that with increased experience and knowledge of the 
powers of an enraged horse comes a discretion, 
very far removed from timidity, that young riders 
would strongly condemn. While I warn my readers 
that timidity upon the part of the man is almost 
certain to result in some disaster, I advise each one 
to start out with that discretion that comes to most 
of us through experience. 

There is nothing more annoying to the judicious 
horseman than to find himself upon the back of a 
badly bitted animal, which is in that state of irrita- 
bility known in the stables as ' freshness.' In this 
condition the horse is so unreasonable, if I may use 
the term, that it is only by making concessions that 
the man can avoid a battle with the animal ; and 
the bit and spur, to which under other circum- 
stances the 'horse might render obedience, must be 
used with discretion and moderation. 

If. after a long rest in the stable, the horse be 
' longed ' upon the cavesson rein for a short time 
before it is mounted, the more violent ebullitions of 
temper may be disposed of before the rider trusts 
entirely to his skill in the management of the horse. 
For there is no better way of reducing the nervous 
and excitable animal to calmness than by means of 
that powerful but harmless instrument, the cavesson. 
Nor do I think it any disparagement to the horse- 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 39 

man's skill or courage, that he will take measures 
for putting the horse in an obedient frame of mind 
before he undertakes to control it with bit and spur ; 
on the contrary, it is a humane and sensible action, 
in accord with the better methods of training by 
which everything that would frighten or annoy the 
horse, from the time the halter is first placed upon 
its head, is avoided. 

Mounting. — It is possible that the first misconduct 
upon the part of the fresh horse will be an effort 
to prevent the rider mounting, either by rushing 
forward, or, what is worse, by running backwards, 
perhaps to throw itself against a wall. In the first 
case it would be well for the horse to be held in the 
cavesson by an attendant until the rider is in the 
seat Should the animal evince a disposition to go 
backwards — and some will do this with a violence 
that makes it very dangerous to the rider — the 
horse should be started in a walk, and the man 
should mount while the horse is going forward. In 
this way I have seen those excellent horsemen, 
William and George Burgess of Harrogate, defeat 
the purposes of a vicious mare that had severely 
injured several persons who had attempted to mount 
it. But if the rider can vault into the saddle he will 
find no difficulty in mounting any animal upon which 
he can place his hands. 



40 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

If, after the rider has gained the saddle, the horse 
gives a few leaps or curvets, without forcing the 
hand or bearing upon the bit, it is better to take 
no notice of the action. It certainly should not 
be caressed, as that might be misconstrued as an 
encouragement to repeat the misconduct ; nor should 
the whip or spurs be resorted to, unless the rider be 
desirous of deciding the mastery in battle. If the 
horse carry the head too low, with the intention per- 
haps of ' bucking/ some short,' sharp pulls upon the 
snaffle reins from below upwards will elevate the 
head. If the nose be thrust out, some light vibra- 
tions of the curb reins will bring the head into 
position. If a rider permits his horse to acquire 
the habit of starting suddenly whenever a vehicle 
approaches, he may cure the fault by driving the 
animal a few times in double harness, and by after- 
wards riding it in a crowded thoroughfare, where a 
horse is much less likely to misbehave than upon a 
lonely road where a noisy cart is occasionally met. 

Rearing. — It is very seldom that a horse will rear 
to a dangerous height, if there be no pressure upon 
the bit. If the horse rear, the rider should yield 
the tension upon the reins and lean forward, and as 
the fore-feet are about to come to the ground, he 
should administer a sharp blow with the whip upon 
the hind- quarters, or give a quick pressure with 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 4 1 

the spurs to drive the horse along, and prevent it 
coming to a halt from which it can again rise. 

Should the rider find it necessary, when the horse 
rears, to take some support to retain his seat, he 
should seize the mane ; but he must take care not 
to pull upon the reins. Should the horse refuse to 
advance, the rider should bend its head to either 
side, 1 which will prevent the horse rising in front ; 
and if the spur of the side to which the head of the 
horse is bent be applied, the animal may be turned 
about a few times, when it will most likely be willing 
to go in any direction the rider pleases. 

But should the horse rear, in spite of the efforts 
of the rider, and the sinking of the croup show that 
the animal is about to fall backwards, the man 
should disentangle himself from the stirrups, seize 
the mane, and drop to ground upon the side opposite 
to that to which the horse is falling. In riding a 
horse that is given to this vice, the result of bad 
training, the reader should bear in mind that the 
animal cannot rear so long as it is kept moving. 

Shouldering. — If the horse try to rub the knee of 
the rider against a wall, its efforts may be frustrated 
by the rider pulling the head of the animal towards 
the wall. 

Plunging. — Should the horse plunge, or kick 

1 See Fig. 9. 



42 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

violently, the rider should lean back in the saddle, 
and keep the head of the animal elevated by short, 
sharp pulls upon the snaffle reins from below up- 
wards. 

Shying. — If a horse, without defect in vision, be 
in regular work, it should shy at nothing. Fresh 
horses will affect fear or dislike of everything that 
attracts their attention, and there are some horses 
which have a trick of shying, and some of bolting 
away, from objects they know to be harmless. Even 
in the latter case punishment does no good, and, as 
I have explained before, the fresh horse must be 
treated with great discretion. 

It is very easy to teach a horse to shy; it is a 
difficult thing to cure the animal of the fault. A 
horse * shies ' when it misses the support of a master- 
hand, or feels too closely confined in the presence 
of something that frightens or irritates it. That is, 
either extreme, of too much liberty or too much 
constraint, will cause the horse to make an effort to 
avoid the disagreeable object. Too often the man 
shies first, and leads the horse to suspect that it 
is threatened with danger. By careful treatment 
the horse will acquire so much confidence in its 
rider that it will be afraid of nothing ; by injudicious 
treatment the horse may be taught to suspect any- 
thing that attracts its attention. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 43 

The rider may induce the horse to pass a station- 
ary object by turning its head away from that which 
causes its terror and ' traversing ' by ; if that which 
has aroused its fears is a moving object, the head of 
the horse should be turned away from it, and the 
animal restrained by a light but firm hand. 

After the horse has passed or has been passed by 
anything that has frightened or annoyed it, the rider 
should encourage and reward the animal with kind 
words and caresses. By gradually bringing the 
horse nearer to anything that is likely to terrify it, 
such as bits of paper, banners, and the like, while 
it is given carrots or some other delicacy, the animal 
may soon be taught to face those things which 
usually prove frightful. 

Restlessness. — Some horses become restless and 
disorderly when, after a short ride, they are turned 
towards their stables. A horse in this state may 
become so excited that it will be with difficulty 
restrained ; and until calmness is restored the pace 
should not be faster than a slow trot, which is the 
safest pace to keep whenever a horse shows temper. 
A horse is less apt to bolt, shy, or commit other bad 
actions from a slow trot than from any other move- 
ment. If the rider find that his hand annoys the 
horse, he should use the snaffle reins, holding those 
of the curb in such a manner that he may easily 



44 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

exert the action of the severer bit if necessary. 
If the horse makes an effort to break away from the 
rider, or insists upon going faster than the rider 
wishes, it may be brought to recognise the power 
of man by being backed a few paces, and then made 
to advance slowly. This form of mutinous conduct 
upon the part of the horse, is the result of want of 
discipline and work. There is no better method of 
enforcing discipline than in gently reining back the 
animal, and this movement is usually followed, for 
the time at least, by complete obedience. 

Bolting is the violent effort a horse makes to 
break away from the control of the rider. It is the 
most dangerous of vices, as the horse in his frantic 
rush will stop at nothing, but will blindly go at a 
wall or over a precipice, unmindful of the severest 
bit. I look upon this vice, an intermittent madness, 
as incurable. But I believe that a horse trained to 
the poise in action, as I explain hereafter, can, by a 
determined rider, be prevented from bolting. 

A horse may run away without having ' bolted,' 
or a bolting horse may end in running away. 
Bolting is the quick, determined movement, usually 
off the course and often against some obstacle, that 
a horse makes to break away from restraint. A 
runaway horse usually keeps along the path it has 
been following, and will try to avoid injuring itself. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 45 

Running away is usually the result of excitement, 
either from exuberant spirits, from nervousness, or 
from having overpowered its rider in some way, 
such as shying ; the horse dashes off when it 
recognises the powerlessness of the bit. 

When the horse runs away, the rider should sit 
down in the saddle, and try to direct the course of 
the animal ; and this can usually be done, for the 
neck and jaw are not always rigid, as in the bolting 
horse. If the rider finds that he cannot reduce the 
speed of the horse in his first efforts, he should not 
fatigue himself by a steady pull upon the reins; 
but at intervals he should take a firm hold of the 
reins, and see if he can get any influence over the 
horse. When the horse answers the bit by yielding 
the jaw or by reducing the speed, the rider should 
give strong pulls upon the reins, with short intervals 
between each effort, so that their effects may be 
cumulative, until the horse is brought to a stand. 
A horse that has once run away will repeat the fault 
whenever an opportunity occurs, and a weak or 
timid rider should never be permitted to mount an 
animal that has so offended. 

I wish to repeat that these instructions for the 
management of difficult horses are intended for 
animals that have not been properly trained : 
I should offer no advice on this head to the rider 



46 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

who can school his own horse, for he will require 
none ; and I feel certain that a horse that has been 
trained according to the method I advocate will 
neither bolt nor run away. 

Stumbling} — Every rider knows that a horse 
moving in a slow and languid pace is much more 
apt to fall after a stumble than when ridden briskly. 
The low action of the slow movement multiplies 
the chances of tripping ; but the falls will be due 
to the fact that, in the disunited and slovenly 
manner in which the horse goes, the other legs 
have not been carried far enough under the mass 
to support the centre of gravity after a leading leg 
has struck against an obstacle. 

Some horses are constantly knocking their toes 
against obstacles, and yet never come down ; whilst 
a horse that raises his feet like a Clydesdale may 
carry his certificate of character upon his broken 
knees. That is, a horse that travels low may 
carry himself in a safe and collected manner; and 
the animal that has a high mode of going may 
really bear himself so disunitedly that if he trip he 
must come down. 

The horse is less secure upon his feet in a walk 
than in a trot ; more apt to stumble in the trot than 



1 I contributed this paper to the Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic JVetvs, 
and, through the courtesy of its editor, I am permitted to use it here. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 47 

in the gallop. The gallop becomes less free from 
danger as it degenerates towards the trot, as in 
the canter ; and in the so-called 'jog trot/ which 
has one of the distinctive marks of the walk (i.e. 
three feet upon the ground at once, during certain 
stages, and is therefore no true trot), a horse is as 
likely to fall as in the most careless walk. 

In the walk the horse has never less than two 
feet upon the ground, and during certain stages 
he has three feet bearing the weight. In the true 
trot, the horse, practically, springs from one pair of 
diagonal legs to the other pair, for the difference of 
time between the impacts of either leg of each pair 
is infinitesimal. In the gallop the horse has, at 
certain stages, but a single leg bearing the weight, 
and at other times uses two or three legs to carry 
the mass depending upon the velocity and im- 
pulse. 

In every case a fall from a stumble is occasioned 
by the neglect of the succeeding bearer to take its 
place, in time, under the centre of gravity after one 
of the legs has been tripped up. 

For instance ; when in a walk the horse plants the 
right fore-foot, the left hind-foot is next advanced 
and planted (with a greater or less interval in time, 
according to the united state of the horse), the mass 
during the movement of these two having been 



48 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

borne by the left fore-leg and the right hind-leg. 
If the horse stumbles with the right fore-foot as it 
is coming to the ground, he will fall if the diagonally 
disposed hind-foot is not brought up in time to 
support the centre of gravity which has already 
passed over the two legs (left fore and right hind) 
which are sustaining the mass. 

What can the rider do to avoid the disaster ? 

He may support the falling forehand by leaning 
back in the saddle and taking a bearing upon the 
bit, until the diagonal hind-leg is brought up under 
the centre of gravity, and the animal recovers from 
the disorder of the stumble. But this support of 
the bit must be given with care and discretion, for 
if the horse's head is pulled up and confined too 
much, the animal will not have freedom of move- 
ment sufficient to enable it to make the effort 
necessary to recover itself. 

But it is better to prevent mistakes upon the 
part of the horse, and this can be done by carefully 
riding the animal in a collected form. By lightly 
restraining the forehand with the bit, and demand- 
ing action from the hind-quarters with the spurs, 
each hind-leg may be made to follow its leading 
(diagonal) fore-leg with little or no interval. In 
the latter case the pace would be the manige walk 
— a sort of passage — and would fulfil all the con- 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 49 

ditions of the true trot except that it is more languid 
than the latter pace. 

Here the horse may trip, but there is little or no 
likelihood of its falling, unless through weakness or 
stiffness. 

What has been said concerning the walk applies 
to all the other paces at a moderate speed. If 
the horse be collected and united, its legs will be 
carried so well under the mass that it will not be 
apt to fall from a stumble. 

Of course, at a high rate of speed the horse can- 
not be kept in a collected form, but fortunately a 
horse is not so liable to trip in a fast trot or a 
rapid gallop, and the supports follow each other 
so rapidly that the danger of falling is thereby 
decreased. 



D 



PART II.— TRAINING. 



PART II.— TRAINING. 



CHAPTER I.— THE RESULTS OF TRAINING. 

The advantage of a good method of training 
over a crude and improper one may be seen by 
comparing the carriage, action, and temper of a 
well-schooled horse with an animal that has been 
* broken ' in the usual manner. 

The schooled horse, carrying itself in a light and 
graceful manner, at easy, regular, and controlled 
paces, will render immediate obedience to every de- 
mand of its rider. The horse that has not been 
systematically schooled learns, in time, to carry its 
burden more or less awkwardly, depending upon its 
natural form and balance, in paces which hardly ever 
equal in grace and smoothness those in which it 
moved in liberty. If an animal consents to move 
along in a shambling walk, a disunited trot, and a 
lumbering gallop, hanging back from the bit or 



54 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

bearing upon the hand, it is as far advanced in its 
education as the majority of horses ever get. 

By a course of physical training, such as prepares 
the athlete for his feats, and a kindly enforced disci^ 
pline, in which resentment is never aroused and 
compliance becomes a fixed habit, the horse is 
rendered ready and willing to give prompt obedience 
to every demand of its master ; an artificial balance 
is acquired, so that the horse carries its rider in easy 
and united paces, and a thorough understanding 
between the man and the horse is established. 

As there is no man that cannot be improved by 
the exercises of the gymnasium, so there is no horse 
that cannot be improved by school work. There 
are few horses so ill-formed that, by suppling and 
collecting, they cannot be made light and graceful 
in carriage and action ; there are no horses that will 
not show striking change for the better. There is 
no doubt that the old method of schooling, in which 
the forces of the forehand were thrust back upon 
the hind-quarters by heavy hands and powerful bits, 
taught the horse to shun extended strides ; but I do 
not see why a horse schooled by the mild and easy 
system I have recommended should refuse to extend 
itself, although the whole of its education is directed 
to the point of obtaining united action. I have 
always been of the opinion that schooling a horse 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 55 

would improve its speed, because the exercises 
should strengthen and make pliant the joints and 
muscles ; and I have never found that my horses 
showed any disinclination to extend themselves, 
although I have never made any tests that would 
authorise me to say that they could gallop faster by 
reason of their training. I am convinced, however, 
from my experiences, that a horse jumps much more 
strongly and safely after a course of general schooling 
than before it has been suppled. 

It is easier to train a horse properly than to train 
it improperly — if an improper course of handling 
may be called training. There are no struggles 
for mastery, no efforts of the frightened animal to 
break away from a harsh hand, no resentments to 
be overcome, no suspicions to be allayed. It is all 
pleasant, easy, and amusing, both to master and to 
pupil. The time required to school a horse would 
depend upon the animal and, to a greater degree, 
upon the man. I think that by any of the recognised 
systems, a horse should be perfectly suppled, and 
made obedient to hand and heel, in the time that 
the ' breaker ' would make the same horse ' steady 
to ride ! ' The fact that a ' system ' was employed 
in the first instance would account for the greater 
improvement. And what a difference there would 
be between horses trained by the two methods ! 



56 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

I have never exhibited a horse publicly, but 
I once rode a horse that I had trained before some 
gentlemen who were interested in the subject of 
schooling, and the incident was noticed, by repre- 
sentatives of those papers, in The Times of June i, 
1883; The Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News 
of June 2, 1883 ; and Vanity Fair of June 9, 1883. 
I reproduce the article of The Times, as it bears me 
out — as do the others — in what I have said regard- 
ing the results of schooling : — 

' What may be done for a horse, not apparently 
by natural conformation fitted to be used for the 
saddle, simply by a course of kind, patient, and 
intelligently-directed schooling, has been exempli- 
fied, not a little to the surprise of the few gentlemen 
who have been invited to see it, by an animal 
belonging, to Mr. Edward L. Anderson, one of our 
visitors from America, who is known by his works 
on the habits and management of the horse, to many 
lovers of this animal. At first sight Alidor is 
certainly not a promising subject as he stands in the 
riding-school waiting for his master to mount him. 
He is low at the shoulder, his head is heavy, the 
mouth shallow ; he stands with hinder limbs well 
out at an angle, and one is not surprised to learn 
that the dam was a Norwegian drudge, and that in 
his youth Alidor had an unenviable power of pulling 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 5 7 

a load with his mouth. But the moment the groom 
has hooked up the light curb chain of the riding bit 
and the owner has mounted, the whole appearance 
and expression of the creature changes; he pulls 
himself together, bringing his feet well under him, 
arches his neck, yielding his head to the slightest 
pull of the rein, and obeying the wish of the 
rider almost, as it seems, before the wish is ex- 
pressed, by a motion of the heel and the needle 
prick of the spur, or a gentle touch of the silk- 
tipped whip. 

' The movements of the animal are as different 
from those of the farmer s gig-horse, that he would 
have been had not fate marked him out to receive 
a higher education, as the movements of one who 
has passed with profit through the gymnasium, the 
drill-ground, and the dancing-school are from those 
of a lumpish country lout. Alidor's neck and limbs 
are now, as the result of his training, remarkably 
supple ; the least tightening of the rein will cause 
him to bring his head round to his shoulder ; he will 
back in circles with a serpentine motion ; he will 
wheel round with any one of his legs for a pivot that 
the rider chooses ; he " traverses " in the passage 
action and executes demi-voltes and repeats reversed 
pirouettes with unfailing readiness and ease. Then 
to show his " form," he will advance with the stately 



5$ ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

action of the Spanish march, and again with the 
same exaggerated motions at the trot. 

1 Circles and serpentines are repeated at the 
gallop, and he changes lead ; while, with the appli- 
cation of the spurs, he is brought to a dead halt 
as he is going at full gallop. A small wooden 
barred hurdle, thirty inches high, and about as 
wide as an ordinary cottage garden-gate, is placed 
in the ride ; the rider, taking off his spurs and 
throwing away his stirrups, walks Alidor up to 
the jump, and the obedient creature goes over 
the bars with a lightness one would hardly have 
suspected, even after witnessing his previous per- 
formances. Another narrow gate, of the same dimen- 
sions as the first, is set up little more than the 
length of the horse away, and he takes the two, 
in and out, as comfortably and unconcernedly as 
the one. 

' What is most noticeable, perhaps, is the perfect 
habit of obedience which is the outcome of this 
system of education. The animal seems to have no 
idea of refusing to do whatever is required of him ; 
he went at a gallop straight at the wall, only stop- 
ping when the rider brought him up with the spurs 
just as his nose would have touched the bricks ; and 
throughout the whole hour's ride it was evi4ent that 
the most perfect accord subsisted between man and 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 59 

horse. The method by which these results have 
been attained is chiefly that of Baucher, with some 
modifications and additions suggested by the owners 
experience, acquired in the French and Austrian 
schools/ 

The passage in the above regarding the French 
and Austrian schools, refers to the systems of those 
countries, which I practised, under such masters 
as S. S. Stokes, Joseph Merklen, and others, in 
America. I may here express my obligations, in 
general terms, to the writers upon horsemanship, 
for I have carefully studied the works of most of 
those who have treated the subject, from Xenophon 
down to the most recent authority. I have seen 
many of the best school-riders of our day, and from 
some of them I have received useful information. 



6o ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 



CHAPTER IL— DISCIPLINE AND EXERCISE. 

The secret of success in the management of horses 
lies in a kindly enforced discipline. Through 
gentleness and firmness, the most irritable animal 
may be made perfectly quiet and obedient. 

It is true that some of the horses that are publicly 
exhibited have been trained by harsh and violent 
means, but those horses render a sulky or timorous 
compliance only when within reach of the lash ; 
and the gay and ready air with which the half- 
savage Bronchos, recently seen in England, went 
through their extraordinary performances, proves 
the advantages of the mild rule under which they 
were drilled. 

It is important that there should be no breaches 
of discipline upon the part of the young horse ; for 
with care its education may be carried on without 
permitting the idea of resisting the trainer's will to 
enter the animal's mind. From the time the horse 
is taken in hand, it should be the object of the 
trainer to impress the horse with his power. The 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 6 I 

animal should not be permitted to move except at 
the command of its master. If it take a step in any 
direction without having received orders, it should 
be quietly made to resume its position. It should 
be made to keep the pace and action desired by the 
trainer, and in every possible way the horse should 
be made to feel that it must recognise a superior 
will. While it is wise to avoid a battle with a horse, 
the man should bear in mind that it is through the 
habit of obedience that he controls the animal, and 
he should, therefore, in laying the foundations of its 
education, endeavour to demand nothing that he is 
not prepared to enforce. But, above all things, the 
man should avoid challenging the horse to a contest, 
and then yielding to the angry animal, for, while a 
horse may forget that it has upon occasion been 
guilty of misconduct without receiving correction, 
it will always remember a successful resistance 
of authority. If the horse shows a determination 
not to accede to the repeated demands of its trainer, 
it must be made to obey, or the man's rule is in 
jeopardy. But this will not be a case for severe 
punishment ; nothing but patience will avail the 
trainer. The horse should be made to remain in 
place. Every voluntary movement should be 
checked, unless it be the one required by the man, 
when the horse should be rewarded as though it 



62 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

had not been guilty of mutiny. Regardless of the 
time passed, or of the annoyance it causes him, the 
trainer should keep the horse in the same place, 
until it readily obeys the order it has refused. If 
the horse becomes violent, it may be hobbled ; but 
it is always better to obtain obedience with the 
bridle alone, as the horse will learn to look upon it 
as a potent instrument. The man may not desire 
to repeat this lesson, but it is seldom that any horse 
requires a repetition. 

The horse should never be punished with whip 
or spur. Those aids should be looked upon as the 
means by which the rider conveys his orders, and 
the animal should not wince or struggle when they 
are threatened or applied. 

The trainer should remember that nearly all the 
resistances of young horses arise from ignorance of 
what is required of them, and he should take great 
care to show the horse what is demanded of it before 
he thinks of correcting it for a fault. 

A horse trained according to the method I have 
offered, should, and I am convinced will, render 
immediate obedience to its rider. 

The horse in training, as at all times, should 
be kept in regular exercise. During the suppling 
lessons, it should be longed upon the cavesson rein. 
The cavesson is a sovereign remedy for nervous- 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 63 

ness or restlessness. The reader will see from the 
print that the cavesson is a head-collar, having a 
metal nose-band upon the front and each side of 
which are rings for reins. I do not use a bit in 
exercising horses upon the longe, but I fasten the 
side reins to buckles upon each side of the surcingle, 
and put the longe-line in the ring on the front of 
the nose-band. 

The horse, equipped in the manner indicated, 
should be taken to some quiet spot, and made to go 
quietly about the trainer, first to one hand and then 
to the other. At intervals the animal should be 
drawn to the trainer to receive caresses and kind 
words. In this way the horse receives an excellent 
kind of exercise, in which much of the general 
suppling is accomplished, and gains a confidence in 
man that cannot be imparted so rapidly by any 
other means. 

The pulls upon the longe-line should be very 
light. Waving the line a few times horizontally 
will usually induce the horse to stop. The greatest 
power (to be used with discretion) may be obtained 
by waving the line up and down, and by giving a 
pull upon the rein as the hand comes down. 

It is better not to let the horse go faster than a 
slow trot in longeing it. In the rapid paces there is 
great risk of injury, and the horse falls into a care- 



64 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

less and heavy manner of moving that must be 
corrected afterwards. 

The lessons should be given every day, and the 
horse should be in the hands of the trainer at least an 
hour — divided, if possible, into two lessons of thirty 
minutes each day. When the horse is used under 
the saddle, the suppling lessons should be given 
before and after the riding exercise, until the animal 
understands and answers to every indication of the 
bits ; and whenever, at any time, the horse becomes 
indifferent to the bits, or dull in movement, as it 
may through bad or careless riding, it should be 
put back to the flexions and supplings. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 65 



CHAPTER III.— SUPPLING AND COLLECTING. 

The first objects of the trainer should be to 
supple the horse and to teach it to collect itself. 
This suppling is employed not only to overcome 
the active or intentional resistances of the horse, 
but to act also upon the defences and resistances 
which come from malformation in the animal, when 
the weak parts will be gradually strengthened and 
supported, and the parts that are rigid will be made 
pliant : then the forces will be so collected that the 
animal shall be given the best position from which 
to obey all the demands of the rider, which will be 
conveyed by the same indications that the horse 
has learned in the lessons for suppling and col- 
lecting. 

The principal resistances of the horse depend 
upon the rigidity of the muscles of the head and 
neck. When these have been made to yield to the 
bit, and when the hind-quarters will answer to the 
application of the spur, the rider may collect the 
forces of the extremities and take control of the 
mass. 

E 



66 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

The face of the horse should always be vertical 
to the plane of movement ; but the height at 
which the head should be carried will depend 
upon the make of the animal. When we come to 
describe the various processes for suppling the 
forehand, it will be seen that some of the exercises 
are employed to make the horse lower the head, 
others to induce its elevation. These exercises give 
to the rider the power of demanding the proper 
carriage of the head from the mounted horse. 

If the horse be high and well developed in the 
forehand, but weak and deficient in the hind- 
quarters, it will be necessary to have the head 
carried low enough to permit the forces of the croup 
to be brought up to the point of balance between 
them and the forces of the forehand, or the forehand 
will dominate the croup, so that the action in the 
latter part will be hampered and constrained. 

If the hind-quarters be strong and high, and the 
forehand low T and heavy, or weak, the head of the 
horse must be elevated sufficiently to carry back the 
forces of the forehand, and the hind-legs must be 
carried under the mass to lower the croup, so that 
the forces of the extremities may be in balance ; 
otherwise the croup will overpower the forehand, 
and the action of the latter will be dull and cramped. 

The form of the animal will suggest to the 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 67 

trainer the kind of exercises best suited to it ; but 
when the rider mounts a horse he will at once know 
what is necessary to bring the forces into equi- 
librium. If the horse hangs upon the hand, or is 
heavy in front, the head should be elevated and the 
forces of the forehand carried back. If the action 
of the hind-quarters be languid, the forehand should 
be lowered and the forces of the croup stimulated 
and carried forward. 

But when the face is vertical, the neck rounded, 
the lower jaw pliant and yielding, and the horse 
seems to gi'ow, while the action is light, regular, and 
even, the rider will know that the forces are col- 
lected and in the best possible position. 



68 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 



CHAPTER IV.— IN THE SNAFFLE BIT 

The training given to the horse in the snaffle bit 
is of the highest importance, and the grace and 
lightness with which the horse will afterwards move 
in the double bridle will depend upon the thorough- 
ness with which these elementary lessons have been 
followed. 

The snaffle is an excellent bit for a bad rider, 
because with it he can do but little harm. Skilfully 
used by a good horseman it is very effective. But 
for general use it does not supply the place of the 
curb bit, and it has a tendency to impair the light- 
ness of the riders hands, and to induce the horse 
to hang upon the reins. 

To obtain the best results in training, it is abso- 
lutely necessary to have the effects of both the curb 
bit and the snaffle. 

At first, however, we should put the horse in the 
snaffle, to teach the animal the direct indications of 
the bit ; and, as soon as the horse is well grounded 
in the lessons appointed for that purpose, we should 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 69 

put on the double-reined bridle before the easy bit 
has, perhaps, produced bad habits. 

The objects we shall have in view in the follow- 
ing exercises, are : — 

ist. To make the horse carry its head in the 
position that will give the rider the greatest control 
over the mouth. This is with the face vertical to 
the plane upon which the horse moves. 

2d. To teach the horse to elevate or to depress 
the head, so that the rider may control the forces 
of the forehand in collecting the horse. 

3</. To render the lower jaw pliant, so that 
the horse will yield to the lightest touches of the 
bit. 

\th. To supple the forehand, so that the head, 
neck, and shoulders may be under the immediate 
control of the rider. Nearly all the resistances 
of the horse, whether wilful or owing to defective 
formation, come from the forehand, and while there 
is any rigidity in that part the horse does not per- 
fectly submit. 

$ik. To supple the hind-quarters, and to make 
that part obedient to the indications of the heels, so 
that the hand operating upon the forehand, and the 
heels upon the hind-quarters, the forces of the two 
extremities may be brought to a point of union and 
balance under the rider, by which he can obtain a 



70 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

ready control over the submissive mass thus put in 
equilibrium. 

The method I have adopted, like all other modern 
systems of any value, is founded upon that of 
Baucher. 1 But I did not think it necessary for our 
purpose to employ the great variety of ' flexions ' 
devised by the distinguished French authority ; and 
I am satisfied that the few simple exercises I have 
recommended will accomplish all that can be desired. 
At the same time, I think that every one who wishes 
to excel in horsemanship should study Baucher's 
work, as the fountainhead of all that is best in 
the art. 

The plan of illustrating my work by means of 
instantaneous photography was original, and when 
we recognise the difficulty, if not the impossibility, 
of presenting, in any other way, to the eye of the 
reader every motion and pose of man and horse, I 
think that the importance of this idea will be ad- 
mitted. 

To make the Horse carry its head in position. — 
The rider will mount, and, taking the right rein 
in the right hand, the left rein in the left hand, will 

1 I have studied, with much profit, the admirable work of M. Guerin 
{Dressage die Cheval de Guerre), and the system I have followed, and here 
recommend, has been greatly influenced by his writings. But it would be 
unjust to MM. Baucher and Guerin not to confess that I am responsible for 
many of the opinions I offer, and that this method is not, perhaps, wholly in 
accordance with their ideas. 




FIG. 7. ELEVATION OF HEAD, BY SNAFFLE REINS. 8. POSITION OF HEAD, BY SNAFFLE REINS. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 7 I 

lightly feel the mouth of the horse. Then, holding 
the hands low, he will play with the bit, gently 
drawing in the reins as the horse drops its nose. 
(Fig. 8.) When the horse, opening its mouth, 
yields the lower jaw to the bit, and brings in its 
head so that the face is vertical to the ground, the 
rider will release the tension of the reins, and caress 
the horse for its obedience. 

To make the Horse elevate the head. — The rider 
will induce the horse to elevate its head by holding 
the reins separated, as described above, and with 
arms extended forwards take light pulls upon the 
reins from below upwards. (Fig. 7.) When the 
horse has obeyed, the rider will lower his hands so 
that the horse will drop its head, and he will then 
quietly demand that the face of the animal shall be 
brought into the vertical position. 

To make the Horse lower the head, the rider will 
draw the reins until he can feel the mouth of the 
horse, then he will hold the hands steady. When 
the horse drops its nose in obedience to the pressure 
of the bit, the rider will release the tension upon the 
reins and caress the animal. By degrees the horse 
can be taught to depress the head to any extent. 

To bend the head to' the right, the rider will hold 
the reins as previously described, and, drawing the 
right rein towards his body, he will carry the head 



7 2 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

of the horse a little to the right ; the left hand will 
be used to measure the effects of the other, to keep 
the face of the horse vertical, and to aid in keeping 
the jaw pliant. The rider should be satisfied with 
slow progress, but in time the head should be 
brought round so that the face, with the nose down, 
shall look to the rear. (Fig. 9.) By this exercise 
the whole of the head and neck are suppled and 
made submissive. After the head has been bent 
to the right, the left hand, supported by the right 
hand, will carry the head back to a line with the 
body, and the vertical position of the head will be 
demanded by a play of both reins. (Fig. 8.) In 
a similar manner the head will be bent to the left. 

These lessons should be given to the horse each 
day, so long as the snaffle bit is used alone ; but the 
exercises should be varied, so that the horse may 
not become fatigued or disgusted. 





FIG. 9. BENDING HEAD AND SUPPLING NECK. 



10. BENDING HEAD AT THE WALK. 




FIG. 11. BRINGING HIND-LEGS UNDER THE BODY. 

12. TRANSFERRING THE POWER OF THE WHIP TO THE HEELS. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 73 



CHAPTER V.— IN THE SNAFFLE BIT 

(Continued). 

The trainer will next proceed to supple the haunches. 
For this purpose he will dismount, and stand, facing 
the horse opposite the girth, on the left side. With 
his left hand, under the chin of the horse, he will 
take both reins with a slight tension upon the bit. 
With his right hand he will give some gentle taps 
of the whip upon the croup until the horse will 
carry the hind-legs a step or two under the body ; 
the left hand preventing the forehand from moving. 
(Fig. 11.) As soon as the horse obeys, the whip 
taps should cease, and the animal should be re- 
warded with caresses and kind words. The trainer 
should be satisfied with gradual progress, and the 
slightest obedience upon the part of the horse should 
meet with approval. The whip taps must be of the 
lightest, and if the horse does not obey at once 
they must not be given with greater severity, but 
simply repeated until the hind-legs are moved up. 
If a nervous horse shows a disposition to kick at 
the touches of the whip, it may be accustomed to 



74 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

accept them without resentment by being patted, 
by the hand in which the whip ' is held, from the 
shoulder towards the croup : and by being corrected 
by a harsh word at every attempt to kick. 

After the horse has carried the hind-legs under 
the body to a degree that satisfies the trainer, the 
bridle-hand will permit the forehand to advance 
sufficiently to let the horse stand at ease. 

To carry the croup about the forehand. — The 
trainer will stand in the position described for the 
preceding exercise, and after collecting the horse a 
little between the restraint of the left hand and the 
whip taps upon the croup, he will transfer the taps 
of the whip to the left side of the horse just behind 
the girth. When the horse takes one step with the 
hind-quarters to the right, the whip taps should 
cease and the animal be rewarded. It should then 
be made to take another step with the hind-legs to 
the right, the left hand keeping the forehand in place. 
(Fig. 13.) This movement of the croup and rest of 
the forehand will bring the horse in such a position 
that the right fore-foot is slightly in rear of the 
place it should occupy under the new condition of 
affairs. The trainer will therefore give a light 
touch of the whip upon the under side of the right 
fore- arm and at the same time give a light play of 
the bit upon the right side, to induce the horse to 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 75 

move the right fore-foot up to its proper position, 
But the left fore-foot must not be raised off the 
ground. As the croup goes about to the right, the 
right fore-leg will be made to conform to the move- 
ment, but the left fore-leg will be an immoveable 
pivot about which the body revolves. Step by 
step, the croup will be carried about the forehand, the 
left fore-foot keeping the ground, the right fore-foot 
moving only enough to keep its proper place at 
each change of the body of the horse. This move- 
ment is called the reversed pirouette, and we shall 
shortly see its importance. 

In a similar manner, the man standing upon the 
right side of the horse, with the reins in his right 
hand and the whip in the left, the horse will be 
made to carry the croup, about the right fore-leg as 
a pivot, to the left. 

The trainer will then mount, and proceed to 
transfer the power of the whip, in these exercises, 
to the heels. To collect the hind-legs under the body 
of the mounted horse, the rider will hold the reins in 
his left hand, to prevent a forward movement, and 
with the whip held behind his back give some light 
taps upon the croup, and press in his heels to the 
sides of the horse. (Fig. 12.) When a step has 
been made by the hind-legs, he will cease the whip 
taps and the heel pressure, and reward the horse. 



76 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

By gradually demanding more steps from the hind- 
legs, the horse may be made to carry them under 
the body until they nearly approach the stationary 
fore-feet. In the course of a few lessons the horse 
will carry its hind-legs under the body at the 
application of the heels unsupported by the whip. 

To teach the horse to carry the croup about the 
forehand at the demand of the heel, say to the 
right, the rider will first collect the horse a little by 
a gentle play of the reins and a slight pressure of 
the legs. Then holding the reins in his left hand, 
slightly supporting the right side of the horse's 
mouth, he will pass his right hand behind his back 
until the whip is held against the left side of the 
horse. Upon that side, and just behind the girth, 
he will apply the whip lightly, at the same time 
pressing in the left heel. When the horse takes 
one step with the hind-leg to the right the whip 
taps and heel pressure will cease, and the horse be 
encouraged in obedience. It is, of course, intended 
that the left fore-leg shall be stationary and that 
the right fore-foot shall only move enough to 
keep in its proper position with regard to the rest 
of the body. The right side must therefore be 
lightened. This may be done by an upward play 
of the right rein, and a tap of the whip upon the 
under side of the right fore-arm. But if the horse 





FIG. 13. REVERSED PIROUETTE, ON FOOT. 



14. REVERSED PIROUETTE, MOUNTED. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. ^ 

is not sufficiently suppled for this, and refuses to 
move the croup to the right, the head of the horse 
may, for the first few lessons, be turned to the left, 
and the right shoulder be lightened in that way. 
But the latter plan should only be adopted in case 
there is difficulty in carrying the croup over ; as in 
the reversed pirouette the head of the horse should 
be slightly turned in the direction from whence the 
croup comes, that is, in this case, to the right. Step 
by step, the right heel held close to the side to 
measure the effect of the opposite heel and to keep 
the horse from volunteering a movement, the croup 
will be carried to the right about the left fore-leg 
as a pivot. In a short time the horse should 
answer the application of the heel without the 
support of the whip. In a similar manner the 
horse should be made to carry the croup, about 
the right fore-leg, to the left, when the right heel 
and the whip will demand the movement, and the 
left heel will support it. After the horse will pass 
to the right or to the left, the rider should require 
its head to be bent in the direction of the moving 
croup, so that the reversed pirouettes shall be com- 
plete. That is, when the croup is moving to the 
right the horse will look to the right, and when 
the pirouette is made to the left the head will be 
inclined to the left. (Fig. 14.) 



jS ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

The reversed pirouettes, besides suppling every 
part of the horse, teach obedience to the forehand 
as well as to the croup, and they form the founda- 
tion for every movement of the horse except the 
walk and the trot in straight lines. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 79 



CHAPTER VL— RIDING IN THE SNAFFLE. 

THE WALK— THE TROT. 

The snaffle bit is not of much effect in collecting 
the horse when in action, but it is necessary that 
the rider should understand how the hand and heels 
should work together in bringing about the union 
between the extremities of the horse, and from the 
time he begins to ride the animal he should practise 
the combined effects of the aids. 

Even though we should admit that a horse might 
carry an inert burthen without destroying a naturally 
balanced carriage, the hand and heels of an inexpert 
rider would impair the harmony ; and the faulty 
movements of an ill-formed horse would be made 
worse by a wrong disposition of the weights and 
forces. 

The rider must know how to demand united 
action of the extremities from his horse, and how to 
remedy natural defects, so that this action may be 
produced in animals that are not well balanced. 
For until union and balance can be obtained be- 



So ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

tween the forces of the horse the rider will not have 
complete and immediate control over the animal. 
The powers of the aids in correcting defects of con- 
formation in the horse are almost unlimited, and 
there are, as I have said, few animals which cannot 
be made to move with grace and lightness. 

If the horse be high and strong in the forehand, 
and weak or drooping in the hind-quarters, the fore- 
hand must be lowered, and the forces of the croup 
must be collected and brought forward, otherwise 
the action of the hind-quarters will be hampered or 
languid, and there can be no union between the 
extremities. 

If the horse be low or weak in the forehand and 
strong and high in the hind-quarters, then the fore- 
hand must be elevated and the forces of that part 
collected and drawn back, and the croup lowered, or 
the stronger hind-quarters will dominate the fore- 
hand and render that part heavy and constrained in 
action. Any position of the horse in which one 
extremity throws too much weight against the other 
must be corrected, or the horse will be heavy in the 
part so burthened. Thus, as is often the case when 
the rider mounts and takes up the reins, if the 
hind-legs are thrust out so that they are braced 
against the forehand, the head and neck cannot be 
made light until the croup is lowered by the hind- 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 8 1 

legs being carried under the mass and the forces of 
the extremities are brought into equilibrium. These 
matters will be treated further when we come to the 
work in the double bridle. 

To move the horse forward in the walk the rider 
will gather the reins until he can feel the mouth of 
the horse. The legs will then be pressed against 
the sides of the horse, and the hands will, by a series 
of gentle vibrations, act against the mouth. When 
the horse bends the neck, yields the jaw, and sustains 
its head without support from the bit the animal 
is ' in hand,' and ready for a forward movement. 
It is a rule, to be always observed in collecting the 
horse, that the application of the heels should pre- 
cede the operation of the hands, otherwise it will be 
impossible to govern the movement, for the hand 
can restrain the horse but cannot prevent it falling 
back. The horse having been placed ' in hand ' in 
the manner above described, the rider will continue 
the pressure of the heels and yield the hands suffi- 
ciently to give the animal liberty to proceed at a 
walk. No effort will be made to keep the horse 
closely collected, but the forehand must not be per- 
mitted to get heavy, nor will the hind- quarters be 
allowed to drag. If the horse bears upon the hand 
it must be made to carry the forehand up by light 
pulls upon the rein, and the heels will keep the 



82 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

croup from hanging back. If the horse moves for- 
ward freely the hand will take light touches upon 
the bit, and the heels will be held close enough to 
be applied when required. 

To turn to the right, the right rein will be drawn 
until the head of the horse is bent in the proper 
direction, the left hand will measure the effects of 
the right rein and keep the head from going too far, 
the heels will be applied to the sides, the left heel 
pressing more than the other to keep the croup 
from going too far on the old line. When the turn 
has been made the horse will be straightened in the 
new direction, and the rider will proceed as before 
directed. To bring the horse to a halt, the heels 
will be quietly applied and the hands will be drawn 
towards the body of the rider. When the horse 
comes to a stop the tension upon the reins will be 
relaxed and the heels be withdrawn from contact 
with the sides. 

Before the horse is put into a faster pace than a 
walk it should be taught to make the turns well, and 
to go in circles, first of a great diameter and gra- 
dually smaller, and be confirmed in the indications 
of the aids by moving in figures of eight. The 
exercise of starting the horse into a walk and of 
bringing it to a halt cannot be brought to too great 
perfection, and the facility with which this is accom- 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 8$ 

plished will have great effect upon the precision with 
which all the movements will afterwards be made. 

To make the horse trot, it will first be put into 
the walk, then it should be collected between a 
light pressure of the heels and a tension upon the 
reins, but the pace should not be increased or 
diminished, until the rider feels that the horse is 
going stronger under him. The tension upon the 
reins should then be relaxed, and the horse incited 
by a slight touch of the whip behind the girth if 
the application of the heels does not accomplish the 
object. The . pace should not be rapid, and the 
rider should attempt to keep the horse in a collected 
form, preventing an increase of speed or a bearing 
upon the hand by a play of the reins, and keeping 
up the action by the application of the heels. The 
turns, circles, and figures of eight should be made 
in the trot in exactly the same manner as in the 
walk. To bring the horse to a halt from the trot, 
the rider will first collect it between hand and heels 
without decreasing the pace. Then, continuing the 
heel pressure, he will increase the tension upon the 
reins until the horse drops into a walk. It should 
then be brought to a halt by the same means. The 
hand should not act too strongly, and the heels 
should prevent the halt being made abruptly. 

By gradual steps, the horse should be brought to 



84 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

bend the head to the right (and to the left) in both 
the walk and the trot, when the heels will be 
held close to the sides to keep the horse straight, 
the heel opposite to the side to which the bend is 
made being a little further back than the other. 
(Fig. 10.) 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 85 



CHAPTER VII— RIDING IN THE SNAFFLE 

{Continued). 

THE HEAD AND CROUP TO THE WALL- 
SHOULDER IN- THE GALLOP. 

The head and croup to the wall are the prepara- 
tory exercises for traversing ; and these side move- 
ments, with ' the shoulder-in,' teach the rider's hand 
and heel to work in unison, make the horse answer 
every gradation of the aids promptly, and are the 
groundwork for the gallop and the pirouettes. 

First, of the head to the wall. The rider will bring 
his horse to face the wall, to which the body should 
be perpendicular. Then, the horse having been 
collected, the forehand will be held in place, and the 
croup will be made to take one step to the left, so 
that the horse will be prepared to pass to the right 
upon two paths, the forehand upon that which is 
nearest the wall, the hind-quarters, slightly retired, 
upon the other. Holding the reins separated, and 
the whip point down in the left hand, the rider will 
lead the forehand along its path by the right rein, 



86 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

and drive the croup, holding the same relative 
position to the forehand, with the left heel along its 
path. That is, the horse will be bent to the right 
to pass in that direction. The left hand will support 
the effects of the right ; and the right leg will be 
held close to the side to keep the croup from going 
over too far. The whip will, if necessary, aid the 
left heel in moving the croup. The head of the 
horse must be held at its proper elevation, and 
bent in the direction the horse goes. As the horse 
passes to the right, the left fore-leg will cross in 
front of the right fore-leg, the left hind-leg in front 
of the right hind-leg. When a corner is reached 
the croup will be restrained by the legs, and the 
forehand will be made to pass in the circumference 
of a quarter circle, so that the corner will be filled, 
and the body of the horse will hold its proper posi- 
tion at every point of the curved path. When the 
corner has been turned, and in the new direction 
the forehand is slightly in advance of the croup, 
both extremities will again move with equal pace. 

The horse will be made to pass to the left in 
the same way by interchanging the right and left 
aids. 

The croup to the wall is performed in exactly 
the same manner, except that the hind-quarters of 
the horse are nearest the wall, by the aid of which 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 



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88 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

the rider guides the movement. The heels will 
prevent the horse falling away from the line of 
march, the hand will restrain a movement be- 
yond it. 

Traversing in this manner at a walk, the horse, 
after it will perform the movements perfectly by the 
aid of the wall, should be made to pass in circles, 
first of a great diameter and gradually reduced in 
size. In traversing in circles, the hand and the 
heels must act together to keep the position of the 
horse true upon each point of the curved paths. 
If the forehand be upon the outside path and 
the croup towards the centre, the latter part will 
be made to proceed more slowly than the fore- 
hand. If the head be in towards the centre of the 
circle the hand will restrain the movement of that 
part, while the heels will make the croup take the 
extended steps required to keep its position on the 
larger circumference. (See Diagram.) 

In shoulder-in, the horse passes to the right or to 
the left upon two paths, but the head is turned away 
from the direction in which the animal goes, and the 
body advances with its convex side. The shoulders 
are still to be in advance of the croup, but the head, 
as has been said, is turned in the direction whence 
the horse goes. (Fig. 21.) If the horse is to pass 
at the shoulder-in to the left, the croup will be 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 59 

next to the wall, and one step more to the right 
than the forehand, so that the latter will be slightly 
in advance in the movement. The rider will, keep- 
ing the head of the horse bent to the right, carry 
his hands to the left to lead the forehand in that 
direction, and the right heel will drive the croup at 
an equal pace with the other extremity. The left 
leg will be held close to the side of the horse to 
prevent the croup going over too far, and to aid in 
keeping the horse up to the lines of march. The 
corners will be made upon the same principles as in 
the croup to the wall, the proper or concave bend 
of the horse being observed. 

After the horse has been suppled by these move- 
ments, it is prepared for the gallop. But if the 
horse be heavy in the forehand, or be disposed to 
break away from control in the excitement of a 
rapid pace, the exercises in the gallop should be 
deferred until the lessons in the curb bit have 
rendered the animal light and amenable to dis- 
cipline. If, however, these objections do not exist, 
the horse may be taught, in the snaffle bridle, to 
take the lead in the gallop with either side. 

To make the horse gallop with the right legs 
leading, the rider will take a rein in each hand and 
hold the whip in the left. As he is about to turn 
a corner to the right, the horse being in a slow 



90 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

trot, he will collect the animal between heels and 
hand. At the turn the rider will make an upward 
play with the right rein, support it with the left, 
retire the right shoulder, press in both heels, the 
left more strongly than the other, and apply the 
whip to the left side behind the girth. 

When the horse takes the gallop in the new 
direction it will be straightened if the croup is 
bent too much to the right. To enable the horse 
to keep the gallop, the rider must sit perfectly 
quiet, and in retiring his right shoulder at the 
beginning of the movement must take care that he 
does not disturb his seat. 

The horse will be made to gallop with his left 
side leading by applying the corresponding aids in 
the same way. 

The horse will be kept in the gallop by the hand 
demanding lightness and restraining the speed and 
the legs maintaining the action. Horses low in 
the forehand are apt to 'gallop upon the shoulders ' 
in the snaffle bit, and care must be taken to pre- 
vent this habit. To bring the horse to a halt, the 
rider will first collect tbe horse, without decreasing 
the speed, and then, by a closer pressure of the 
heels and a greater tension upon the reins, bring 
the horse into a trot, and afterwards to a walk and 
a halt. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. O. I 

Nothing more than large circles at a slow pace 
should be demanded of the horse while in the 
snaffle bridle ; and no attempt should be made to 
change the lead in action until the horse has been 
taught the various forms of collection hereinafter 
described. 



92 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 



CHAPTER VIII.—THE SPUR. 

The horse should at this stage of its education 
be taught to receive the attack of the spur with 
calmness. Until the horse will answer the ap- 
plication of the rowel, without disordering its pace 
and without the slightest hesitation, it is not under 
the control of the rider, as we are to understand 
the meaning of control. The most nervous and 
spirited horses may be taught to take the spur 
without flinching in the course of a few lessons, 
but it must be understood that this powerful aid 
should always be given with discretion, and until 
the rider has a seat that permits him to measure 
the pressure with which the spurs are applied he 
should mount the horse without them. 

The lessons in collecting and suppling the croup 
have prepared the horse for the spur. Towards 
the close of a day's lesson the rider should put on 
spurs with rowels of medium size and sharpness. 
As the horse is marching in a straight line the 
rider will collect him between the hand and legs, 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 93 

and at the same time give the side a scratch with 
one of the spurs. The hand will restrain any 
increase of speed, and the voice, accompanied by 
caresses, will pacify the animal. If the horse kick 
at the spur, a very unusual thing if the first lessons 
are given as I have directed, the rider will raise 
the head of the horse, correct it with his voice, and 
gently apply the spur again. When the horse will 
answer the spur by increased vigour of action from 
the hind-quarters without an effort to force the hand 
or to increase the speed, the rowel will be applied 
in bringing the horse to a halt from the walk, and 
to a walk from the trot. 

It is not well to use the spurs too freely, and 
after the horse has been taught to accept the 
rowel the leg will not require the assistance of the 
severer form of the aid unless the horse be slow 
in obedience. 

Should the horse endeavour to break away from 
the rider or endeavour to force the hand at the 
application of the spur, the rider should bring the 
animal to a halt and make it back a few steps ; 
then repeat the movement in which the horse 
exhibited its want of discipline. 

The spur must never be given with violence, for 
such a shock will not only arouse the resentment 
of the horse but must throw the animal into dis- 



94 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

order. The rowel is to be applied by carrying the 
leg against the side of the horse and dropping the 
toe, so that the spur is pressed in behind the girth. 

Repeated attacks are made by retaining the leg 
against the side of the horse and raising and lower- 
ing the toe. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 95 



CHAPTER IX.— THE DOUBLE-REINED BRIDLE. 

FLEXIONS OF THE J A W AND NECK— THE 
HEIGHT OF THE HEAD. 

The foundations of its education having been laid 
in the snaffle bit, the horse will now be exercised 
in the curb bit, in order that it may be taught a 
prompt and exact obedience. 

The jaw, the head, and the neck of the horse 
must become so supple and submissive that they 
will yield to the slightest demand of the reins, 
and beyond a fugitive touch, when an indication 
is given, the bit must find no resistance. 

The horse having been put in the double-reined 
bridle, the trainer will, for the first exercise, remove 
the curb chain. He will then, standing at the 
head on the near side, pass the snaffle reins over 
the head of the horse, and grasp them in his left 
hand, held a few inches in front of the animal's 
nose. With his right hand under the chin of the 
horse, he will take the two curb reins at even lengths 
about three or four inches from the branches. With 



96 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

the left hand acting upon the upper jaw of the horse, 
by a light tension from below upwards, the horse 
will be made to elevate the head. The right hand 
will then, in the gentlest manner possible, draw the 
curb reins towards the chest of the horse. (Fig. 15.) 
At the moment the horse opens its mouth the left 
hand should yield, and the right hand, having given 
a slight bearing upon the curb bit, should go towards 
the chest of the horse as the head of the animal 
drops into the vertical position, without requiring 
any further bearing of the bit against the jaw. 
(Fig. 16.) If, at first, the horse does not drop 
the nose low enough to place the face perpen- 
dicular to the ground, the right hand will act far 
enough to accomplish this. But it will be the 
aim of the trainer to have the horse drop the nose 
at the first downward play of the curb bit, so that 
when the head comes into its position the lower jaw, 
not having rigidly opposed the hand, will be pliant, 
and whenever the bit is not in action the horse will 
champ upon it, and when it does act it shall find an 
elastic support that is sufficient only to carry its 
indications. 

In this flexion the horse should be accustomed to 
observe the height at which the head should be held 
to obtain the equilibrium of the forces. When the 
trainer comes to ride the horse he will soon discover 




FIG. 15. SUPPLING THE JAW. 16. POSITION OF THE HEAD. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 97 

exactly how the head should be carried to keep the 
horse light and balanced, but in these early lessons 
the form of the horse will show whether the head 
should be carried high or low. 

If the horse be too high in the forehand, that part 
should be lowered in proportion to the want of height 
in the croup. If the forehand be too low, the head 
and neck will be carried up, so that the centre of 
gravity will be driven to the rear, or the forces of 
the croup will dominate those of the forehand and 
make that part loaded and heavy. In the old 
manege systems everything was done to throw the 
weights upon the croup, and all of the movements 
were founded upon the pesade, where the horse took 
its weight upon the haunches. The first object in 
modern training is so to equalise and balance the 
weights that no part of the horse bears an undue 
portion of the mass, and in consequence every 
movement of the horse is made with freedom, light- 
ness, and grace. 

The flexions of the jaw and neck, above described, 
should be practised frequently, both at the begin- 
ning and the end of each daily lesson. 

The horse should also be made to bend his head 
to the right and left with the curb bit, in such a 
manner that the whole of the head and neck shall 
be suppled and controlled. To bend the head to 

G 



98 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

the right the trainer will stand at the head of the 
horse, facing the left side. Taking the right curb 
rein in the right hand, at a few inches from the 
branch of the bit, under the jaw, and the left 
curb rein in the same way in his left hand, he will 
slowly and gently bend the head of the horse to the 
right, by advancing the left hand and drawing in 
the right hand, so that the bit will act on the left 
upper jaw and the right lower jaw, and control the 
head and neck in every way. By gradual steps he 
will accustom the horse to carry the head, at the 
proper height, so that it will rest against the right 
shoulder, looking to the rear. The face must be 
kept perpendicular to the ground, and the jaw pliant, 
by the gentle touches with which the flexion is made. 
In a similar manner the head should be bent to 
the left. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 99 



CHAPTER X.— COLLECTING. 

IN HAND (IN PLACE AND IN ACTION)— THE UNION (IN 
ACTION)— THE POISE (EQUILIBRIUM; THE HALT). 

Let the trainer now put on the curb chain, tightly 
enough to have the full power of the bit but not so 
close that it presses against the chin before the 
branches are drawn back. It is a bad plan to 
govern the power of the bit by the curb chain. 
Rather let the tension of the curb chain be a fixed 
factor, and lengthen or shorten the branches of the 
bit as the power is required. 

The curb bit having been arranged satisfactorily, 
the trainer will mount and proceed to collect the 
horse. When he has learned, in theory and prac- 
tice, the various gradations of collecting the horse, 
there will be very little left for him to know. And 
the rider who can bring his horse into that state of 
equilibrium that we shall call the poise, can make 
the animal perform any movement of which it is 
physically capable. 

I hope that, with the pictures I offer, I can make 
myself clearly understood ; and if the reader does 



lOO ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

seize my meaning there should be no difficulty in 
carrying out my instructions. 

If the rider will hold the curb reins in one hand 
and the snaffle reins, over them, in the other, he 
can demand the raising of the head of the horse by 
the snaffle, and the lowering of the head by a fixed 
but light tension of the curb bit. Of course, in 
working to the right, the curb rein should be held 
in the left hand, those of the snaffle in the right. 

Or, all the reins may be held in the left hand, 
and the right hand may be carried upon the right 
snaffle rein, when working to the right ; and the 
left hand be carried upon the left snaffle rein, the 
four reins held in the right hand, when working to 
the left. 

In a short time the rider will find that by raising 
or depressing the hand which holds the curb reins 
he will be able to govern the height of the head of 
the horse, but at first it is well to have the power of 
the snaffle, especially as it will be used in the early 
lessons for beginning the changes of direction. 

In hand. — Let the rider close his legs against the 
sides of the horse and press in his heels, and meet 
the effects of the heels by a light tension upon the 
reins. When the horse bends its neck, brings the 
head into the vertical position, and sustains it with- 
out support from the hand, and yields the jaw to the 




§; -. "^ir .~' 




FIG. 17. IN HAND. 



18. POISE, IN PLACE. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. IOI 

touches of the bit, the animal is 'in hand,' the lowest 
state of collection consistent with light and easy 
action. (Fig. 17.) 

From the state of collection described as 'in hand' 
the horse is ready to move, forward or backward, at 
a walk. To prepare the horse to move forward 
from a halt at a more rapid pace than a walk, the 
centre of gravity will be carried further back, so 
that greater impulse may come from the croup 
when the hand releases the forehand. For the 
gallop, from a halt, the centre of gravity will be 
carried back and the forehand lightened on the side 
with which the horse is to lead, and the balance of 
forces will be obtained after the horse is put in 
motion. 

As soon as the horse has come ' into hand ' the 
rider should yield the reins, release the pressure of 
the legs, and encourage the animal by kind words 
and caresses. 

When the horse is trained it should be habitually 
ridden ' in hand,' and the occasions when a closer 
collection is required will be pointed out. But the 
first lessons should be given by gradual steps, and 
the horse should not be fatigued or harassed. To 
endeavour to force the horse to come ' into hand ' 
is the surest method of making the animal heavy 
and sullen. 



102 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

The object of the rider in collecting the horse in 
place is to have the weight of the mass evenly 
divided between the fore-legs and the hind-legs, and 
in action to have this balance as closely observed 
as the motions of the animal in action will admit. A 
horse naturally well-balanced would stand, at liberty, 
with the legs almost perpendicular to the horizontal 
plane upon which the animal is placed — that is, a 
perpendicular line falling from the upper outside 
end of the haunch-bone would fall at the heel of the 
hind-leg, and a similar line would fall from the middle 
of the socket of the fore-arm to the heel of the fore- 
leg. But how the mounted horse should carry 
itself can only be determined when the rider finds 
it light and balanced between his hand and heels. 
Any malformation of the horse would require an 
artificial balance to be obtained by elevating or 
depressing one or other of the extremities, according 
to the position the horse takes when bearing the 
weight of its rider. 

The Poise. — If, after the horse has been brought 
! in hand,' the rider wishes to collect the forces as 
closely as possible, he will continue the pressure of 
the legs, and restrain a forward movement or heavi- 
ness of the forehand with the bit. When the neck 
bends, the crest rises, the face is held vertically, the 
jaw is pliant, the horse grows under the rider, and 



RIDING AND TRAINING. IO3 

the base of support is so small and unstable that 
a movement must take place in some direction, 
the forces of the horse are poised. (Fig. 18.) In 
this state, although the animal is perfectly still, 
the tension of the nervous and muscular systems of 
the horse is so great that the pose can be maintained 
in perfection but for a moment ; a movement then 
takes place, or one or the other extremity loses its 
lightness. The poise in place is taught to enable 
the rider to collect the forces in action, but no 
regular movement is made from this closely col- 
lected position. 

The effect of the poise, or absolute collection and 
balance of the horse, is used in action when the 
course is to be modified or reversed ; in consequence 
of this equilibrium of the forces no movement can 
take place in any direction until the forces of one or 
the other extremity are permitted to yield. 

But, as we shall see, the poise should be taught 
to the horse when it is moving in direct lines at the 
various paces, and it should be practised until the 
animal will, in the walk, trot, or gallop, cease and 
resume the advance without losing its lightness. 
The poise in action has the same characteristics as 
the poise at a halt, with regard to the lowering of 
the neck, the pliancy of the' jaw, and the swelling of 
crest, but is further marked by a higher carriage of 



104 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

the head and the continued action of the legs ; for 
the pause is of such short duration that the legs, 
which are flexed at the moment the poise is made, 
give the impulse for the renewed movement. 

The collected halt from action is nothing more than 
the loss of lightness after the poise in action has been 
brought about, — that is, the horse having been 
collected between hand and heel until neither ex- 
tremity has a controlling influence, the horse comes 
to a halt and the aids demand no further action. 

The horse may be brought to the poise, or state 
of perfect equilibrium, while in place (Fig. 18), by 
the pressure of the heels and the restraint of the 
hand. In collecting a horse high in the forehand, 
the hind-legs of the animal must not be carried too 
far under the mass, or the croup will be depressed, 
but the head and neck should be lowered so that the 
centre of gravity will not be carried too far back in 
gathering the forces. But in collecting a horse, the 
croup of which is high and the forehand low, the . 
head and neck must be elevated and the hind legs 
carried well under the mass, so that the croup will 
be lowered and the centre of gravity carried back, 
to relieve the low forehand. After collecting the 
horse, the hand should be given, the pressure of the 
legs withdrawn, and the animal encouraged in its 
obedience. 





FIG. 19. POISE, FROM THE TROT. 20. BACKING. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. IO5 

When the horse is poised in action, the head and 
croup are held higher and the back is not so arched, 
because of the action which continues though the 
horse remains in place, as when the forces are so 
closely collected at the halt; but, as in the latter 
case, the neck bends, the jaw yields, the horse seems 
to grow under the rider, and the animal is ready for 
a movement in some direction without any further 
preparation. (Fig. 19.) 

I think it well to say that the horse from which 
the illustrations for this book were taken, was low 
in the forehand ; consequently the suppling of the 
two extremities has been shown to a great degree. 
Without thorough training this horse would be — as 
it was when I bought it — very hard in the mouth, 
and with very heavy, awkward action. I selected 
this animal with a view of showing what could be 
done for a horse, not naturally well balanced, by a 
careful system of training. 

Between the state of collection which we have 
called ' in hand,' and the condition of absolute 
equilibrium or ' the poise,' is ' the union,' which is 
the closest collection that can be obtained without 
affecting the rate of speed at which the horse is 
moving. We shall describe this union in the next 
chapter. 

The head of the horse may be depressed by the 



106 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

curb bit in the same manner as by the snaffle ; and 
by putting forward the bridle hand and elevating it, 
the head of the horse may be raised with the face 
vertical to the ground. It is excellent 'practice, with 
horses low and heavy in the forehand, to elevate 
the head with the snaffle bit, and then with light 
touches to bring the nose down, while the jaw 
remains pliant. (Figs. 7 and 8.) The suppling 
of the jaw should be continued until there is no 
opposition to the hand ; and whenever, at any stage 
of its training, a horse resists the bit, these lessons 
should be resumed. 

The horse should be made to bend its head and 
neck to either side, by means of the curb bit, in 
exactly the same manner as with the snaffle, only 
greater care must be taken, and the lessons should 
be more gradual. We are about to teach the 
horse a new indication of the curb bit — that of the 
opposite rein ; it has, as we shall explain, a different 
effect from the direct tension, but it is absolutely 
necessary that a horse should answer the direct rein 
of both the snaffle and the curb. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. IO7 



CHAPTER XL— ON 'THE UNION: 

THE WALK- THE TROT—TO BACK. 

To put the horse into a walk, from a halt, the rider 
will bring the animal * in hand/ and, continuing the 
pressure of the legs, he will lower the bridle hand 
sufficiently to give the horse freedom to proceed at 
a walk. As soon as the horse begins to advance, it 
will be brought ' in hand,' the rate of speed being 
maintained, and it should never be permitted to 
become disunited or heavy. 

If the horse be inclined to carry its head too high, 
the legs of the rider will act gently upon the sides 
of the horse, and the hand will be held low. If the 
horse hang upon the hand and be dull in front, the 
legs of the rider should act vigorously to bring the 
hind-legs of the animal well under the mass, and 
the hand should raise the head so that the point of 
union of the forces will be carried back. 

To turn to the right, the rider will take all four 
reins in the left hand, the snaffle reins held more 
loosely than those of the curb, and he will carry his 



IOS ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

right hand upon the right snaffle rein. When he 
has arrived at the spot where the change of direction 
is to be made, he will turn the head of the horse to 
the right by a direct pull upon the right snaffle rein ; 
as soon as the horse begins to answer that rein he 
will turn his left hand so that the thumb points to 
his right shoulder, and carry that hand to the right, in 
order that the left curb rein may come against the left 
side of the neck of the horse. Both the right hand, 
with the right snaffle rein, and the left hand, with the 
curb reins, will govern the bend of the head of the 
horse by being borne more or less to the right as the 
animal is required to turn the head more or less. 
This action of the bridle hand will (apart from the 
first effect which is a direct action upon the right 
side of the mouth of the horse, and the touch of the 
rein upon the heck which in time becomes potent) 
cause the bit to operate upon the left side of the 
horse's mouth in such a manner that the head will 
be carried to the right. This effect of the opposite 
rein is very different from that of the same rein 
drawn back without the intervention of the neck. 
And there is no difficulty in teaching the horse to 
recognise at once the distinction between the opposite 
rein and the direct rein if the rider does not confuse 
the horse by the way he gives the indications ; for, 
while it is better to teach the horse to regard signals 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 109 

that the animal would be disposed to obey through 
involuntary muscular action, it is not difficult to 
teach a horse to perform the movements by indica- 
tions that are directly opposed to their first and 
ordinary effects ; and it may be seen that if two 
effects of a rein are not kept distinctly marked 
the horse may soon become confused whenever 
either of these effects is given. In the same manner, 
the reins being carried in the right hand and the 
left hand resting upon the left snaffle rein, the horse 
will be taught to turn to the left. 

With the snaffle initiating the turn, and after- 
wards with the curb reins alone, the horse should be 
ridden in circles, gradually decreasing in size, and in 
serpentine lines, so that the animal will obey with 
promptness, ease, and grace all the indications of the 
opposite rein, the shoulders conforrning to the cir- 
cumference of the circle, the head a little bent in the 
direction in which the horse is turning, the croup 
following the path of the shoulders. After the 
horse has been thoroughly trained to this in- 
dication of the curb bit, the reins should be carried 
in the left hand, and the horse be accustomed 
to work to either side by the direction of the bridle 
hand. 

These things are not to be accomplished at once, 
but the reader should know the highest ends of the 



I IO ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

system he follows, and should always keep them in 
view. 

Before a horse is put in a new direction, or is 
changed from one pace to another, or is made to 
change the lead in the gallop, or is brought to a halt, 
it should be put in that state of collection that we 
have styled the union. That is, the forces of the 
two extremities must be united as closely as is 
consistent with the maintenance of the pace, in 
order that the horse, by reason of this balanced 
condition, may obey the demands of the rider at 
once. 

To unite the horse at a walk, the rider will press 
his legs against the sides of the animal, and, carry- 
ing back the forces of the forehand, prevent an 
increase of the speed by a corresponding operation 
of the hand. When the neck is rounded, the crest 
swollen, the jaw pliant, and the horse seems to raise 
itself and increase in size, while the action is light, 
even, and regular, the horse is united, and is prepared 
to change, without awkwardness or hesitation, the 
direction or the pace. 

The horse should be frequently brought to the 
union in the walk, without permitting the speed to 
be increased or slackened ; and it should also, while 
in the walk, be brought to a momentary halt, by the 
rider collecting the forces for the poise in action, 



RIDING AND TRAINING. I 1 1 

and resuming the forward movement before the 
lightness is lost. 

Whenever the horse is brought to a halt, it 
should first be united, then poised, and, the move- 
ment having been stopped, the hand should release 
the forehand, the heels be withdrawn from the sides, 
and the animal will stop in such a form that it can 
readily be put in motion. 

The poise in action, it will be remembered, is 
simply a higher state of collection than the union, 
wherein the forces are brought to a point of 
union and balance so that the movement ceases, 
but is resumed or modified by the impulsion of 
the legs which were flexed at the moment the 
poise was effected; and the poise becomes the 
halt when the aids demand no further action of 
the horse at the time the forces have been brought 
into equilibrium. 

To put the horse into the trot, the animal will first 
be made to walk, then the union will be demanded 
at that pace, and, the horse being light, it will require 
but a small increased pressure from the heels and a 
slight yielding of the hand to start the horse into a 
trot. The pace should be slow and regular, and 
the horse must not be permitted to fall out of hand. 
As in the walk, the horse should be frequently 
brought to the union in the trot, without increasing 



I 1 2 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

or decreasing the pace, and the action then should 
be very light, graceful, and steady. The evidences 
of the union are the same in the trot as in the 
walk. 

The poise should also be demanded, and the trot 
be again resumed before the horse becomes heavy. 
The poise in action is produced to put an end to the 
movement with a view of repeating it, or of obtain- 
ing another movement before the horse becomes 
disunited, and it should never be of such a duration 
that all of the feet come firmly to the ground at one 
time, but the forces being balanced in some stride of 
a pace, the action should be resumed so rapidly that 
the flexed legs shall take steps in the new movement. 
The poise is sometimes called the half halt, and may 
be likened to the state of a pendulum that, having 
swung to its limit in one direction, is about to swing 
back. In the poise in action three, even all, the feet 
may touch the ground, but not more than two of 
the legs should have become so rigid that they 
cannot give an impulse without being raised again. 
For in the poise there is no momentum to carry the 
mass over the centre of gravity. In the poise from 
a halt the horse should be ready for a movement ; 
in the poise in action the horse should be put into 
some action by the same aids that have produced 
the poise or balance of forces. (Fig. 19.) The 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 113 

halt from the trot will be produced by bringing the 
horse to the union, then to the walk, and then, as 
before directed, to a stop. But, after the horse 
learns to obey the aids with promptitude, it will 
be brought to an instantaneous halt by means of 
the poise, when the aids will not demand a move- 
ment from the horse, and the animal will come to 
a stop, with its forces so disposed that another 
movement can be procured without delay, but not 
in the instantaneous manner that was possible from 
the poise. 

The reader must bear in mind that in all paces 
the union must be demanded before a change of 
direction is made or an alteration in the pace 
demanded, and that the union and the poise should 
precede the finished halt. 

At the walk, and at the trot, the horse should 
be made to pass in circles, figures of eight, 
and serpentines, the forehand keeping truly to 
the lines, the croup following the forehand. The 
trainer should be satisfied with moderate pro- 
gress, and the horse must be perfected in each 
stage. 

With a little care the horse may now be taught 
to back with ease and lightness. The rider must 
avoid everything resembling violence, and the move- 
ment should be free from struggles and resistances. 

H 



I 14 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

To make the horse back, the rider will first place 
the animal, standing in place, in hand. The pres- 
sure of the legs will be continued until the mass is 
thrown slightly forward, and a hind-foot is detached 
from the ground. The pressure of the legs will 
then be eased, and the hand will be brought in so 
that the raised hind-leg is carried to the rear. (Fig. 
20.) The hand and legs should then cease acting, 
and the horse rewarded for its obedience. Two 
steps backward may next be demanded, the legs 
closing lightly against the sides of the horse, as each 
hind-leg is brought back, and the hand acting at the 
moment each hind-leg is raised. By slow degrees 
the horse may be brought to go backwards any 
distance without losing its lightness. After the 
second or third lesson the horse should be made to 
advance after it has made the last required step to 
the rear, without coming to a halt or becoming 
heavy, by the hand being carried forward, and the 
legs acting with sufficient vigour against the sides. 
As each hind- foot is brought to the ground, the 
legs of the rider will receive the impulse to pre- 
vent the movement becoming too rapid, and as 
each hind-leg is raised, the hand will gently 
bring back the forces of the forehand to produce 
the movement. Both the hand and the legs must 



RIDING AND TRAINING. I I 5 

be employed to keep the horse upon the line of 
the movement. 

By turning the croup with the opposite heel, and 
slightly increasing the tension of the rein of the 
same side, the horse may be made to back in any 
direction. 



I 1 6 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 



CHAPTER XII.— LOW PIROUETTES— TRA VERSING 
AT THE WALK— DEMI-VOLTES. 

The rider will make the horse perform a low pirou- 
ette to the right (that is, a movement of the fore- 
hand about the right hind-leg as a pivot), by placing 
the animal with its left side nearest a wall, and 
bringing it 'in hand.' Then, increasing the pres- 
sure of the legs until the horse is about to move 
forward, he will lead the forehand to the right by 
means of the direct rein of the snaffle bit, and, with 
the bridle hand carried to the right, aid the right 
liand by the pressure of the left curb rein against 
the opposite or left side of the neck of the horse. 
Both reins will work together to measure the move- 
ment of the forehand to the right, by being carried 
more or less to the right as the forehand moves too 
little or too much ; and, when necessary, the tension 
to the rear to fix the croup should be made by both 
the indirect curb and direct snaffle reins, so that the 
horse will come to answer all the indications of the 
curb reins when they are employed without the 
snaffle. 




FIG. 21. SHOULDER-IN. 



22. TRAVERSING. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. I I 7 

The first object will be to make the forehand take 
one step to the right, while the right hind-leg re- 
mains immoveable. By gradually advanced lessons 
the horse will be made to move the forehand about 
the right hind-leg as a pivot, until the horse is 
brought to face the direction opposite to that from 
which it began the movement. The left leg of the 
rider will be held close to the side of the horse, to 
keep the croup from going over, and to bring the 
left hind-leg up to its place as the body wheels on 
the right hind-leg as the pivot. The head of the 
horse should be kept slightly bent in the direction 
the forehand follows. (Fig- 23.) The right 
hand, acting with the right snaffle rein, will in- 
augurate, govern, and maintain the movement of 
the forehand, but the left hand, bearing the reins 
to the right, should support the snaffle by the 
action of the left or opposite curb rein, so that 
the horse may learn to obey the indications of 
the latter. The force of the snaffle will be gradually 
lessened, until the horse carries the forehand about 
the right hind-leg as a pivot by means of the left, 
or opposite, curb rein alone, as it is pressed against 
the left side of the neck of the horse. 

The horse may then be made to perform the 
movement away from the wall, and to carry the 
forehand in a complete circle about the croup, 



Il8 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

when the movement will be the finished low 
pirouette. (Fig. 23.) 

In the pirouette proper, of which we shall treat 
hereafter, the horse takes its weight upon the 
haunches, and, raising the forehand in air, turns 
upon the inner hind-leg as a pivot. The fewer 
times that the fore- feet come to the ground in the 
course of the wheel, the better the pirouette is per- 
formed. 

The reversed pirouette is made from a halt by- 
bringing the horse ' in hand' and carrying the croup 
about the forehand by means of the opposite heel, 
while the direct snaffle rein, seconded by the out- 
side curb rein, holds the forehand in place, and 
bends the head towards the advancing croup. That 
is, to make the reversed pirouette to the right, the 
rider will bend the head of the horse to the right 
by the direct action of the right snaffle rein, and by 
carrying the left hand to the right, so that the 
opposite or left curb rein supports the effect of the 
snaffle. Then, by a pressure of the left leg against 
the side of the horse, the croup will be urged about 
the left fore-leg as a pivot. As the hind-legs step 
about to the right, the right fore-leg must be brought 
up to occupy its place in reference to the changes of 
position of the rest of the mass, but the left fore-leg 
must not be raised from the ground. The use of 




FIG. 23. LOW PIROUETTE. 



24. DEMI-VOLTE IN GALLOP. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. I 1 O. 

the right snaffle rein will be gradually discarded, 
and the curb reins will govern the forehand in the 
movement. (Fig. 14.) 

The pirouettes to the left will be made in the same 
manner by means of the corresponding aids. 

Traversing is the movement in which the horse 
passes to either side (at the walk, trot, passage, 
terre-a-terre, or gallop) upon two paths, the forehand 
following one, the hind-quarters, slightly retired, the 
other. (Fig. 22.) The lessons in head and croup 
to the wall have prepared the horse for the traverse, 
but before the animal is required to perform it at a 
pace faster than a walk it will be necessary to confirm 
it in the indications of the curb bit. It must be 
understood that in traversing, the head of the horse 
must be slightly bent in the direction in which 
it moves, and that the forehand is a step in ad- 
vance of the croup, so that the body of the 
horse is out of the perpendicular with regard to the 
line of march. The head to the wall will first 
be demanded in traversing. {See Diagram.) The 
rider will place the horse facing the wall and 
straight from it. The croup will then be made to 
take a step to the left, and the horse will be in a 
position to traverse to the right. Bringing the 
horse in hand, the rider will lead the forehand off 
to the right, by the direct snaffle rein, seconded by 



120 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

the opposite curb rein, placed against the left side 
of the neck by holding the bridle hand to the right ; 
with the left heel he will press the croup to the 
right so that it will move in unison with the fore- 
hand. The head of the horse, as has been ex- 
plained, will be carried a little to the right. When 
a corner is reached, the turn will be . made exactly 
in the manner as described for head to the wall, 
except that the outside curb rein will second the 
effects of the snaffle bit, and that both the direct 
snaffle rein, and the opposite curb rein will retard 
as well as demand the movement of the forehand 
when necessary, by being carried less to the right 
if the forehand goes too fast. 

In all the movements to the side upon two paths 
— traversing, demi-voltes, or pirouettes, in walk, trot, 
or gallop — the body of the rider should be made to 
conform to the changes of the horse ; the inside 
shoulder (or that of the side to which the horse is 
moving), being advanced or retired as the forehand 
is to be restrained or brought over. The face of the 
rider should be so turned as to see the ground upon 
which he is directing the movement. 

When the horse will traverse evenly and smoothly 
with the head to the wall, the rider should attempt 
a demi-volte, in order that the horse may be con- 
firmed in its obedience to the aids without the 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 121 

assistance of the wall. To make a demi-volte to the 
right, the horse will be placed with its left side near 
the wall. The horse will then be collected, and the 
forehand, led and governed by the right snaffle rein 
(supported by the opposite curb rein, carried against 
the outside of the neck by the bridle hand held to 
the right), should move upon the greater circum- 
ference of a half-circle, while the croup passes along 
an inner circumference, until the rider brings the 
horse back to the wall at the distance, from the 
place he started from, of the diameter of the circle. 
{See Diagram.) 

During this demi-volte, the horse must be at the 
proper angle to each point of the circumference, the 
forehand slightly in advance of the croup, the head 
bent to the right. The demi-volte should first be 
upon circles of a large diameter, and as the horse 
improves in its knowledge of the aids, the demi- 
voltes may be reduced in size. 

In the same manner, the aids being changed, the 
horse may be made to traverse in lines and demi- 
voltes to the left, by means of the direct snaffle, 
supported by the opposite curb. When the horse 
will traverse to the right and to the left at the in- 
dications of the two bits, the snaffle may be gradually 
dispensed with, and the horse ridden in the same 
movements in the curb bit. The bridle hand will 



122 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

now govern the forehand, being carried to the right, 
more or less, as the horse is to be led in that 
direction ; and if the forehand moves too rapidly, 
the hand will be brought back somewhat. To lead 
the horse to the left, the bridle hand will be carried 
in that direction. Whenever the bridle hand is 
carried to the right, the wrist should first be turned 
so that the thumb point to the rider's right shoulder. 
Whenever it is to be carried to the left, the wrist 
will be turned so that the thumb will point to the 
ground, over the left shoulder of the horse. This 
will give the indications with most certainty. When 
the horse will perform the movements above de- 
scribed, at the walk, it may be made to traverse 
and do the demi-volte in the united trot, without 
having the wall as a guide. 

For the purpose of making the matter perfectly 
clear to the reader, I will repeat the instructions for 
the use of both sets of reins in teaching the horse 
to obey the indication of the opposite curb rein. To - 
turn, to pirouette, or to traverse in either direction, 
the snaffle rein of that side will first be employed, 
and, as soon as the horse begins to obey it, the 
bridle hand 1 will be carried to that side, so that the 
opposite curb rein comes against the neck of the 

1 In these lessons, the hand opposite to the direction in which the horse 
turns. After the education of the horse is finished, the reins should be carried 
in the left hand. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 1 23 

horse, and sustains the action of the direct snaffle 
rein. If the forehand bends too much, both the 
bridle hand and the hand acting upon the snaffle 
rein will be carried back from the direction in which 
the horse is to turn. The object of these lessons is 
to teach the horse to give immediate obedience to 
the opposite curb rein when it is brought against the 
neck. When the horse answers to the opposite 
curb rein, the bridle hand should govern the move- 
ments of the horse by means of the curb reins, 
without assistance from the other hand, or support 
from the other bit. It is only when the bridle hand 
is carried so far to the right that the left rein presses 
against the neck of the horse, that the left curb rein 
has the effect of turning the horse to the right ; and 
the direct action of the curb reins should always be 
true unless the neck intervenes to give a contrary 
indication. 



124 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 



CHAPTER XIIL— INDICATIONS OF CURB BIT 

TRAVERSING AT THE UNITED TROT. 

REVERSED PIROUETTES. 

The low pirouettes and traversing at a walk will 
accustom the horse to obey the combined aids with 
precision and readiness ; and the effects of the curb 
bit, all of which are in accordance with the natural 
impulses of the animal, 1 are made clear to the horse. 
It is a mistake to suppose that the opposite rein is 
incompatible with the direct rein, or that the use 
and practice of one is likely to confuse the horse. 
Owing to the intervention of the neck the indirect 
rein has the same mechanical effect that the direct 
rein has, to turn the head in the direction that the 
hand is carried. This can be proved by mounting 
a quiet horse, that has not been suppled, and riding 
it with a single halter-strap fastened to the head- 
collar. It will be found that, as every groom knows, 
or should know, the horse will turn to the side upon 
which the halter-strap is drawn ; and that when the 

1 Or, rather, not contrary to the involuntary muscular action that follows the 
different applications of the bit. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. I 25 

hand is carried to either side so that the strap takes 
a bearing against the neck, the horse will be turned 
in the direction the hand is borne, exactly as by the 
opposite rein. 

As the education of the horse progresses, the 
distance that the hand must traverse to give the 
various effects of the curb bit will be decreased, and 
in time the horse will promptly obey the almost 
imperceptible motions of the hand. 

The rider will not be long in discovering, if he 
follow the method that I lay down, that each curb 
rein has a wide range of effects, aside from the power 
of elevating and depressing the forehand. First, the 
direct tension will lead or turn the horse to the same 
side ; then, as the rein is carried nearer to the point 
where it takes a bearing upon the neck (to give an 
effect contrary to the first named) it restrains the 
croup on the same side j 1 after the rein is carried over 
so that a bearing is taken upon the neck of the horse, it 
bends the head of the horse in the direction the rein 
is carried, and restrains the hind-leg of that side. 

As I have said, the horse, by careful training, 
becomes so sensitive to the touches of the bit that 
the most delicate shades of the bit's action are re- 

1 The direct effect of a curb rein, and the indirect effect of the opposite 
curb rein, to the same purpose, may follow one another without the second 
rein giving the indication for fixing the croup, by carrying it beyond that 
point before it acts upon the mouth of the horse. 



126 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

sponded to at once ; and a horse may be so ' highly 
trained ' that no one but a rider of the firmest seat 
and lightest hand can manage it. 

If the rider will hold the curb reins as I have 
suggested — in the left hand, divided by the little 
finger, the hand in front of the body, the thumb 
pointing towards the ears of the horse — the indi- 
cations of the reins may be given to a well-bitted 
horse with precision and promptness. A direct ten- 
sion upon the right rein is effected by turning the 
hand so that the thumb points towards the rider's 
right shoulder; an indirect token, which seconds 
and enforces the same bend or turn of the head of 
the horse, is made by carrying the hand to the 
right. A direct tension upon- the left rein is effected 
by turning the wrist so that the thumb points to- 
wards the ground over the left shoulder of the horse ; 
an indirect token, which seconds and enforces the 
same bend or turn of the head, is made by carrying 
the reins to the left, until the right rein is pressed 
against the right side of the horse's neck. 

We shall now turn our attention to the traverse 
in the collected trot. When the horse is united in 
the trot the animal bears its weight at each stride 
upon a fore-leg and the hind-leg diagonally disposed ; 
from these it springs into air and alights upon 
the other pair of diagonally disposed legs. As the 



RIDING AND TRAINING. I 2 7 

horse goes out of hand and becomes disunited the 
synchronal action of each pair of legs is lost and 
the pace becomes heavy, rough, and inelegant. But 
it will readily be understood that the united trot is 
admirably adapted to the traverse, when the fore- 
hand and the croup follow parallel paths, as the 
extremities step together and maintain a regular, 
even, and easy action. 

If it be intended to traverse to the right, the 
horse will be put ' in hand ' at the trot, and then 
collected to the union, which must be observed while 
the movement continues. At the point where the 
side movement is to begin, the forehand will be 
retarded until the croup is carried up into the 
proper position ; unless the horse approaches the 
point where the traversing is to begin with the 
forehand and the croup holding their proper places 
with regard to the line of march — that is, with the 
forehand one step in advance of the croup. 

At a slow trot, in the highest union, the horse 
will be made to pass on two paths to the right. The 
bridle hand will, with the curb reins, direct the 
forehand and bend the head in the direction the 
horse goes. The left leg of the rider will press the 
croup 1 along in steps similar in length to those taken 

1 It must be understood that the right fore-leg and left hind-leg step 
together ; the left fore-leg and right hind-leg step together ; the legs of the 
side opposite to which the horse moves pass in front of the others. 



128 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

by the forehand, while the right leg of the rider will 
be kept close to the side to prevent the horse falling 
back or the croup going over too far. When a 
corner is reached the hand will restrain the forehand 
or the inside heel the croup, depending upon whether 
the croup or the forehand is working in the outer 
circumference of the bend. In the same way the 
horse should be made to traverse to the left in a 
collected trot, by means of the corresponding aids ; 
and demi-voltes should be made, and serpentines, on 
zigzag paths, in this light and easy pace. 

When the horse is traversing to the right (or left), 
and it be desired to traverse to the left (or right), 
the animal will be brought to a poise, the forehand 
held in place, the croup carried over in the beats of 
the trot, and the head turned for the new direction, 
so that the change is made before the horse be- 
comes heavy. 

If a horse be passing in a straight line upon a 
single path, the croup following the forehand, and 
it be desired to move in the opposite direction, the 
reversed pirouette may be made in the following 
manner. The horse will be united in the trot, and 
when the point is reached where the change is to 
be made, say by turning to the right, the animal will 
be brought to the poise, the bridle hand will carry 
the head to the right, and fix the forehand, while 



RIDING AND TRAINING. I 29 

the left heel will carry the croup about the forehand 
in the beat of the trot ; when the change has been 
made, and the horse faces in the new direction, 
the forehand will be lightened and the horse will 
move off in the united trot before the animal has 
been permitted to become heavy. (Fig. 14.) 

It should be understood that in neither of the 
pirouettes in action is the horse absolutely balanced, 
for the centre of gravity is carried forward or back 
just sufficiently to fix the pivoting extremity; but 
the action which is maintained by the other ex- 
tremity permits the equilibrium or poise to be 
re-established at once, and the horse can then be 
moved in any direction in any state of collection 
before it has really been heavy and uncontrolled. 
The poise, being a state in which the forces of the 
two extremities are in equilibrium, admits of no 
movement in any direction (or of any motion 
beyond the dancing step of the piaffer, where the 
horse balances from one pair of diagonal legs to the 
other), and it is a very simple thing to fix either 
extremity for the moment and then recover the 
equilibrium, if the horse answer at once to the aids. 



130 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 



CHAPTER XIV.— THE GALLOP. 

CHANGES OF LEAD- DEMI-VOLTES— PIROUETTES. 

The gallop is a pace of three beats and a leap at 
each stride. The first beat is that of one of the 
hind-feet, then the other hind-foot and its diagonally 
disposed fore-foot come to the ground together, and 
the remaining fore-foot, of the side opposite to the 
hind-foot which began the stride, makes the third 
beat, and from the last-named foot the horse goes 
into air, to receive the weight upon the hind-foot 
that began the preceding stride. The horse is said 
to lead with the fore-leg from which it goes into 
air, as that leg is the more advanced at the end of 
each stride, and has the appearance of taking a 
more extended step than the fore-leg of the other 
side. If the horse turn to the right when the left 
fore-leg is leading, or to the left when the right fore- 
leg is leading, it is false in the gallop. If the right 
(or left) fore-leg be leading, and the left (or right) 
hind-leg does not take a corresponding step, that is, 
in advance of the other hind-leg at each stride, the 





FIG. 25. TAKING THE GALLOP FROM THE POISE IN THE TROT. 



26. THE POSE. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 131 

horse is disconnected, and the pace is rough and 
awkward. To be true and connected in the gallop 
the fore and hind leg of each side must correspond 
in action, and the turns must be made to the side 
with which the horse is leading. 

From a halt, a walk, or a poised trot, the horse 
takes the gallop by raising the forehand, and then 
planting in advance the fore-foot with which it 
means to lead (Fig. 25); the impetus is given 
from the croup, and the horse begins the gallop 
with the fore-leg that has been advanced in the 
first instance. 1 

To teach the horse to take the gallop, in the curb 
bit, with either side leading, the rider will put the 
animal in a slow united trot. To make the horse 
lead with the right side, he will retire his right 
shoulder, lighten the forehand by the direct rein, and 
close in both legs to the sides of the horse, the left leg 
with more vigour than the other. The horse should 
then take the gallop with the right side leading. 
But if it do not take the desired lead, the rider 
may again bring the horse into a united trot, and, 
withdrawing the right leg, apply the left heel suffi- 
ciently to bend the croup over to the right, when 

1 From a rapid trot, the horse takes the gallop by throwing the weight, at 
some stride, upon a fore-foot, then, carrying the hind-legs under the body, it 
takes the weight upon the hind-leg of the other side as the forehand rises, and 
goes into the gallop with the fore-leg leading which received the weight first. 



132 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

the right rein has prepared the forehand. But it 
is desirable that the horse should be taught to 
gallop as straight as possible ; and, when it can be 
avoided, no wrong method should be employed, in 
any movement, to be afterwards exchanged for a 
better one. 

By employing the corresponding aids in the same 
manner, the horse will be taught to gallop with the 
left fore-leg leading. 

To enable the horse to keep the pace evenly and 
smoothly, the rider should sit quite still, and the 
hand and heels should maintain a light and regular 
gallop. By degrees the horse should be taught to 
gallop in the highest union possible for the pace in 
which it is put, and it should be made to gallop at 
different rates of speed, but required to keep the 
degree of speed demanded by the rider. The horse 
will be galloped in circles, turning to the leading 
side, and the diameters of these circles should be 
gradually reduced as the horse learns to answer 
the aids in the action. 

In the early lessons the horse should be brought 
to a halt from the gallop by the rider pressing in the 
heels and restraining the forehand by an even tension 
upon both reins, but with such moderation that the 
horse will take a trot, then a walk, and finally come 
to a stop ; each stage being made according to the 



RIDING AND TRAINING. I 33 

rules before laid down for reducing the speed by a 
closer collection of the forces. But as the horse is 
taught to gallop in a united form and at a very slow 
pace, it will be made to come to a halt by being 
collected to the poise without falling into the trot or 
the walk. The rider will also practise bringing the 
horse to a poise, and resuming the gallop without 
coming to a finished halt. 

The steps by which the horse is to be taught 
to change the lead in action should be made very 
cautiously, or the animal will acquire an awkward 
and struggling manner of changing lead. 

The horse will be taught to take the gallop with 
either side leading from the trot, the walk, and 
the halt. It will then be ridden in a straight line, 
leading with either leg in the gallop, brought into a 
trot, and then put into the gallop with the other side 
leading. The rider should give the indications of 
the aids with care and without violence. Each 
time that the horse is brought into the trot the 
forces should be united, before the gallop is again 
demanded. Gradually the number of steps in the 
trot will be reduced to but two or three. The 
rider will then make a change of lead, without 
permitting the horse to fall into the trot, by collect- 
ing the animal, from a very slow gallop, to the poise, 
and then by applying the proper aids for the change 



134 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

of lead before the horse gets heavy. That is, the 
horse, having been in the united gallop with the 
right side leading, will be collected for the momen- 
tary stop by means of the poise of the forces ; at that 
moment the bridle hand will support the forehand 
with the left curb rein, the left shoulder of the rider 
will be retired, and the right heel will give an 
accentuated pressure against the side of the horse, 
so that the animal shall resume the gallop with the 
left side leading. 

After the horse will make the change from the 
poise, or momentary rest, without struggles or resist- 
ances, it should be taught to change the lead in the 
beat of the gallop. 

To accomplish this the aids must be employed 
with precision but without force, and the ear should 
not be able to detect the step in which the change 
has been made. 

If the horse be galloping with the right side 
leading, it will be closely united at a very slow pace. 
When the horse is about to take the weight upon 
the left hind-leg, after having been in air, the rider 
will retire the left shoulder, turn the wrist of the 
bridle hand so as to support the left side of the 
forehand with the direct rein, and accentuate the 
pressure of the right heel. The horse should 
change the lead of the fore-legs at the moment the 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 1 35 

forehand feels the bit, and the order of the hind- 
legs should be changed as the horse goes into air 
from the left fore -leg. 

The step-by-step changes are made by the same 
means, except that the forces of the forehand are 
brought so far back that the pace becomes one of 
four beats as the second hind-leg comes to the 
ground before its diagonal fore-leg. When the 
weight is borne by the two hind-legs, the fore-legs 
make the change of lead, and when the foremost 
fore-leg takes the weight the hind-legs make the 
corresponding change in their order of movement. 

The step-by-step changes are exceedingly difficult 
for the horse and the rider, and the movement has 
no other object than to exhibit the state of training 
of the former and the skill of the latter. 

The traverse at the gallop is demanded in the 
same manner as at the trot, the horse leading with 
the side to which it goes. When the horse is 
traversing in one direction, and it is desired to 
traverse back upon the same lines, the animal will 
be collected to the poise, and in the momentary 
pause the forehand will be carried over so that the 
horse will be placed across the path in the proper 
position to pass to the other hand, the lead of the 
fore- legs being changed as the forehand is carried 
over, the lead of the hind-legs being changed by the 



136 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

proper aid at the first stride they make in the new 
direction. 

If the horse be in the gallop on a direct line, the 
croup following the forehand, and the rider wishes 
to make a demi- volte to the right, he will arrest the 
forward movement by effecting the poise, carry the 
forehand to the right far enough to put the horse 
in the proper position across the lines he intends to 
take, and, pressing in the left heel, continue the 
gallop thus momentarily interrupted, on two paths, 
the croup upon the circumference of a circle of 
smaller diameter than that upon which the forehand 
passes. (Fig. 24.) As the demi-voltes decrease 
in size, the hind-legs of the horse travel over less 
space, and when the inside hind-leg becomes a 
turning pivot the movement is a demi-pirouette} 
The demi-pirouette to the right is perfectly per- 
formed when the centre of gravity is carried back so 
far that the forehand rises from the ground, and, the 
rider turning his body to the right as he carries the 
bridle hand over in that direction, the horse wheels 
upon the right hind-leg and brings the fore-feet to 
the ground after it has made an 'about face.' A 
play of the left rein and a pressure of the right heel 

1 In the demi-volte, represented in Figure 24, the hind-feet of the horse 
moved upon a circle of only a few inches in diameter : had the inner hind- 
leg remained in place and taken the weight, the movement would have been 
a demi-pirouette. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 137 

should then induce the horse to resume the gallop 
with the left side leading. Of course the pirouette 
can be demanded from the gallop only after the 
poise has been effected, and to the side that has 
been leading in the gallop. The demi-volte and 
demi-pirouette are made to the left in the same 
manner by the use of the corresponding aids. 



138 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 



CHAPTER XV.— DESCENT OF THE HAND. 

UNION WITHOUT SUPPORT. 

These lessons should never be carried so far as to 
fatigue the horse, for by such a course the trainer 
would defeat his object in obtaining light and easy 
action. But the trainer should endeavour to reach 
the highest standard, and the horse should be 
ridden, in all the paces, to the union until that state 
of collection becomes a habit. To confirm the 
horse in this carriage, and to prevent a disorder in 
the pace at any changes of the aid, the horse should 
be taught to bear itself collected in the union with- 
out the support of either the hand or legs of the 
rider. The trainer will find that in the vigorous 
action of the united trot the horse will best carry 
itself without support, and in that pace he will first 
drop the hand but aid the horse with the pressure 
of the legs. The horse being in a united trot, the 
rider will use both aids to bring it to the highest 
point consistent with the pace, and will then release 
the tension of the hands for a few steps, increasing 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 139 

the pressure of the legs as the tension upon the 
reins is resumed, to prevent the horse yielding too 
much to the bit. In time, when the horse will 
continue the united trot without the aid of the 
reins, the support of the legs will be withdrawn, for 
a few steps, after the hand has been lowered. 
Before the horse becomes disunited, the legs will 
resume their support, and the hand will take the 
necessary feeling upon the mouth. By gradual 
stages, the horse will be brought to bear itself in 
the united form without the support of the aids 
for considerable distances, sufficient to confirm it in 
the habit. In the same manner the horse will be 
practised in keeping the united form at the walk, 
and afterwards at the gallop. 



140 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 



CHAPTER XVI.— LEAPING. 

It is no very difficult thing to teach a horse to leap 
with calmness ; but if the rider uses whip and spur 
whenever the horse is about to leap, the most docile 
animal may become nighty, the most generous a 
refuser. 

If a horse be given some of its usual lessons near 
the leaping bar, until it is accustomed to the sight, 
and is then led over it by the trainer preceding it 
at the full extent of the reins without turning his 
head to see if the horse follows him, the animal will 
be ready to pass over it when being longed. The 
bar may then be put up to the height of a foot or a 
foot and a half, and the horse induced to leap it in 
the longeing circles. After the horse will leap the 
bar freely upon the longe, the trainer will correct 
any faults in its jumping by holding the horse by 
the snaffle reins as it leaps, and touching it with the 
whip, lightly, below the knees, if it does not gather 
the fore-legs closely, below the hocks if it does not 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 141 

gather the hind-legs well under the body, as those 
limbs are bending for the jump. 

The horse may then be ridden from a walk over 
the bar, the rider collecting it as it approaches the 
leap, so that it will have control of all its powers. 
As the horse rises the rider will press his legs 
against its sides, and as it alights he will give it a 
light support with the snaffle bit. The horse should 
not be aided by the hand to rise to the leap, as that 
will induce the bad habit of depending upon the 
rider for the hint where to take off, and in a flying 
leap might bring about a serious disaster. But the 
horse should be brought to the leap well collected, 
and it should then need no aid from the hand. 
After the horse will jump, freely but quietly, from 
the walk, it may in the same way be made to take 
the leap from the trot and the gallop, and finally 
from the halt. The animal should not be discour- 
aged by demanding too much from it, either in the 
number or height of the jumps, and the lesson should 
always end with a perfectly performed leap, which 
should be rewarded. Whenever the horse grows 
careless it should be put back to the lessons in hand. 
Neither whip nor spur should be used in leaping, 
beyond a light tap of the former if the horse fails 
to gather the hind-legs well under the body. In 
leaping the horse should rise well, taking the weight 



I4 2 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

upon the bent hind-legs, and the fore-feet should 
first receive the weight after the leap. To insure 
this the snaffle bit should be used in jumping, un- 
less the rider have the firmest of seats and the 
lightest of hands, for the curb bit is apt to teach the 
horse to ' buck over,' so that all four feet receive the 
weight, and sometimes to alight in such a manner 
that the hind-feet first reach the ground. 

After the horse alights, and has taken such sup- 
port as it requires, the legs and hands should collect 
it for the speed and pace with which it approached 
the leap ; for after all such exertions, in which the 
centre of gravity is violently shifted, the union is 
lost, and must be restored by the action of the aids. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 1 43 



CHAPTER XVIL—THE HIGH SCHOOL. 

The movements of the school are employed for the 
double purpose of teaching the horse a prompt and 
exact obedience to every indication of the aids, and 
for exhibiting in the managed animal some of the 
more brilliant actions of the horse at liberty. It can 
readily be understood that a horse which has been 
disciplined by school training will be under perfect 
control, but it is not generally recognised, that the 
Spanish trot, the piaffer, and the curvet are motions 
and actions that are common to horses of a gay and 
lively temper when at liberty, and that some of the 
other school airs are often volunteered by restless 
animals in their resistances. 

The Spanish Trot is an exaggerated action in 
which, at each stride, a fore-leg is thrust boldly to 
the front, and there is a poise or half halt as the horse 
is in air, procured by the support of the rein and the 
heel opposite to the raised fore-leg. The legs are 
moved exactly as in the united trot, — that is, the 
horse goes from one pair of diagonal legs to the other 



144 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

pair ; and it only differs from the trot in the extent 
of action which makes the pause in each stride that 
also characterises it. This movement is taught by 
the trainer walking near the shoulder of the animal, 
holding the reins, under the chin of the horse, in one 
hand, to restrain the forward movement, while with 
the whip held in the other hand he touches the horse 
under the fore-arm as each fore-leg is being raised. 
After a few short lessons the horse will strike out 
with the fore-leg at the tap of the whip, and the led 
horse will move in the Spanish march. The trainer 
will then mount the horse, and transfer the power 
of the whip to the heels in the following manner : 
collecting the horse, at the halt, the rider will take a 
slightly increased tension of the left rein and press 
in the left heel, at the same time tapping the horse 
under the right fore-arm with the whip. When the 
horse raises the right fore-leg the hand will yield so 
that the animal will advance, and, with right rein 
feeling the mouth and the right heel pressing against 
the side, the whip will be carried over the withers of 
the horse and applied to the left fore-leg as it is 
being raised, when the hand will again yield, so that 
the horse may take a step forward. In this manner 
the horse will be made to take several steps in the 
Spanish march, when it will be stopped and rewarded 
for its obedience. By short, but frequent lessons, 





FIG. 27. SPANISH TROT. 28. PIAFFER. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 1 45 

the horse will be taught to take the exaggerated 
step at the application of the opposite heel, supported 
by the reins of the same side, without the indication 
of the whip, as the fore-leg is raised in each step. 
That is, the left rein and the left heel will act as 
the right fore-leg is being raised ; the right rein and 
right heel as the left fore-leg is being raised. The 
Spanish march should be practised at a very slow 
walk, and the horse well supported by the hand, so 
that the fore-leg may be raised high and the pause 
be observed as the climax is reached in each step. 

To make the horse take the pose so greatly ad- 
mired by sculptors of ancient and modern times, 
let the rider press in the spur opposite to the fore- 
leg to be raised, and with the rein of that side, 
drawn across to the rear, support the forehand and 
fix the diagonal hind-leg, so that the weight will be 
borne on three feet. (Fig 26.) 

The horse having been made perfect in the 
Spanish march, it is very easy to produce the 
Spanish trot. (Fig. 27.) The horse will first be 
moved forward in the march, and, having been closely 
collected, the animal will be forced to make increased 
exertions : as the horse is about to raise the right 
fore-leg, the rider will press in the left heel and 
sustain the forehand with the left rein; as the 
animal is about to raise the left fore-leg, the rider 

K 



I46 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

will press in the right heel and support the fore- 
hand with the right rein. After the horse has made 
two or three strides in the Spanish trot it should be 
brought to a halt, and rewarded for its obedience. 

In the Spanish trot the horse should leave the 
ground in a series of bold springs from each pair of 
diagonal legs, striking out high and to its full extent 
with the fore-leg that is to be next planted. The 
action of the hind-legs should also be vigorous, and 
the movement should be even and regular, the pause 
at each stride well defined. By gradually increas- 
ing the number of steps the horse will soon be 
able to continue this trot to any reasonable extent ; 
but it is very fatiguing, and if it be carried too far 
the horse will become careless and heavy. When- 
ever the horse becomes negligent in this trot, it 
should be put back to the lessons on foot and in 
the march. 

The Passage is a low Spanish trot, in which the 
pause in each stride is not so strongly marked ; that 
is, it is a slow brilliant trot, in which the horse brings 
each pair of diagonal legs to the ground at exactly 
the same moment. The passage is usually employed 
in traversing, as it is peculiarly fitted for the move- 
ments to either side in safety. The horse in this 
movement must be very light and well balanced, 
and the action should be even and regular. The 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 1 47 

knees of the fore-legs are more bent than in the 
Spanish trot, for the fore-legs are not so extended 
as in that movement, and it is without doubt the 
most graceful motion of which the horse is capable. 
The passage is usually taught by permitting the 
action of the Spanish trot to become languid ; but 
the better method is to bring the horse up to it from 
the ordinary trot by demanding a close union and 
forcing the action with the opposite spurs, as in the 
Spanish trot. 

The Piaffer is the passage in place, and is per- 
formed by the horse in a state of perfect equilibrium, 
the forces of the forehand and of the croup being so 
balanced that no movement is made in any direction. 
In the piaffer the horse should move the diagonal 
legs together and in perfect unison. It should only 
be attempted after the horse has been taught the 
passage, and may then be procured by restraining 
the forward movement of the horse and maintaining 
the action by means of the spurs, as in the passage. 
The horse is put in the piaffer when changes of 
direction in the traverse are to be made, so that the 
lightness will not be lost; as if, for instance, the 
horse be traversing in the passage to the right, and 
the rider wishes to go back over the same lines 
to the left ; upon arriving at the spot where the 
change is to be made, the horse would be brought 



148 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

to a poise in action, when the passage would 
become the piaffer; the forehand would then be 
kept in place in the piaffer step while the croup 
would be carried over to the right, so that the body 
of the horse would hold the proper position in 
reference to the paths to traverse to the left : the 
traverse would then be resumed in the passage in 
the new direction. A very slow passage to the 
front, side, or rear is often called the piaffer ; but if 
there is any movement out of position it is not the 
piaffer, which is the passage in place in perfect 
equilibrium; and, strictly speaking, the changes of 
direction in traversing are made in the passage, for 
the extremity of the horse, which is stationary, has 
only the piaffer step, while the other part has the 
passage step. 

The School Gallop is a pace of four beats, and is 
procured from the ordinary gallop by demanding a 
close union, and by sustaining the forehand with 
the reins, so that the second hind-foot is planted 
before the first fore-foot comes to the ground in 
each stride. It is a languid pace, and can only be 
performed at a low rate of speed. The school 
gallop is employed in traversing, and for voltes 
and pirouettes. The horse may be made to tra- 
verse and to do the voltes in the ordinary gallop ; 
but, as the high pirouette is a movement in which 



RIDING AND TRAINING. ' 1 49 

the horse takes the weight upon the hind-legs and 
turns to either side, the stride in which this is per- 
formed is always in the school gallop ; so the strides 
in which the step-by-step changes of lead are made 
have the characteristics of the school gallop : for in 
both the pirouette and in the step-by-step changes 
of lead the forces are carried back so that the two 
hind-feet receive the weight before a fore-foot is 
brought to the ground. 

The Terre-a-terre is the school gallop upon two 
paths to either hand (traversing). 

As the gallop is a series of leaps from one of the 
fore-legs, it will be seen that it cannot be performed 
in place or to the rear, but there are certain move- 
ments which are called The Gallop in Place and 
The Gallop Backwards. These may be procured 
either from the pesade or from a slow gallop. To 
teach the gallop in place from the ordinary gallop, 
the horse will be ridden at a very slow rate of 
speed in close union, and in time be brought to 
raise the forehand once or twice without advancing, 
the gallop being resumed before the horse becomes 
disunited and heavy. These steps in place will 
be gradually increased in number until the horse 
understands and willingly obeys the demands of the 
rider. In this movement the forehand rises and 
the weight is taken upon the hind-legs, and as the 



150 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

forehand is about to drop the hind-leg furthest 
advanced is slightly flexed. The Gallop to the Rear 
requires great skill upon the part of the rider, and 
complete submission on the part of the horse. As 
the forehand rises in the gallop in place, the hand 
carries back the forces, so that the hind-leg furthest 
advanced takes a step to the rear, and as the fore- 
hand drops to the ground the second hind-leg is 
moved backwards. 

The Pesade is a movement which is important, 
because it is the foundation of all the high airs of 
the mane'ge. In the pesade the weight of the horse 
is taken upon the slightly bent hind-legs, while the 
forehand is in air with the fore-arms closely bent. 
The hand sustains the horse in this position for a 
few moments when the forehand drops gently to 
the ground, and the horse stands in place. It is 
usual to teach the pesade in ' the pillars,' but it may 
be taught by the rider collecting the forces, and 
then inviting the horse to rise by the play of the 
reins, an assistant standing by to tap the horse 
upon the fore-legs with a whip as the forehand goes 
into air, to give that peculiar bending of the knees 
which the critics demand in the true pesade. 

I have never employed, and do not recommend, 
' the pillars,' but as they are still used on the Con- 
tinent, even in some of the military schools, I may 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 151 

describe them. Two stout upright posts are firmly 
fixed in the ground, so that they will stand six feet 
high and be five feet apart. On the inner side of 
each pillar and near the top, a ring is let into the 
wood through which the long reins are to be passed. 
The horse, in a snaffle bridle and with a cavesson on, 
is placed between the pillars, and the cavesson lines 
are fastened about the posts so that the horse can- 
not pass his croup beyond the pillars. Long reins, 
fastened to the snaffle bit, are passed through the 
rings in the pillars and held in the hand of the 
trainer, who stands at a safe distance in rear and 
slightly to one side of the horse. With whip and 
voice, the first used with great discretion, the trainer 
induces the horse to carry its hind-legs under its 
body, so that the forehand will be lightened, re- 
warding the animal by a rest and caress whenever 
it shows any sign of obedience. 

By means of the reins and the stimulation of the 
whip, the trainer unites the horse closely, proceed- 
ing gently, and taking care neither to harass nor to 
fatigue the animal. In this manner the horse is 
taught the pesade and the airs derived from it, the 
whip demanding the necessary exertions, while the 
side-lines of the cavesson prevent the animal from 
going forward and from bearing upon the reins. 
The horse is very readily made to perform, under 



152 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

its rider, the airs it has been taught in the pillars, 
but it does not usually have the same freedom and 
grace of movement that the animal which has never 
been so treated exhibits. 

The Curvet is a leap, in which the horse leaves 
the ground from the hind legs to receive the weight 
upon the fore-feet. To perform the curvet, the 
forces are closely collected, and the hind-legs are 
carried well under the body, so that they are bent 
when they take the weight, as the hand induces the 
forehand to rise. The forehand does not rise so 
high as in the pesade, but the fore-arms are doubled 
under as in that movement. When the horse is 
poised upon its hind-legs, the hand gives the animal 
liberty, and the horse makes a bound in air to alight 
upon the fore-feet. 

The Croitpade is a high curvet, in which the hind- 
legs are brought up under the belly of the horse as 
it makes the leap from them. It is produced in the 
same manner as the preceding air, and the more 
vigorous leap and the action of the hind-legs are 
caused by a stroke of the whip behind the girths as 
the horse is about to leave the ground. 

The two remaining airs of the mandge are now 
seldom practised, and they are best taught in the 
pillars. The first of these is the Bolotade, which is 
a leap similar to the croupade, except that instead 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 1 53 

of bringing the hind-legs under the belly, they are 
thrust out behind, so that the two shoes would be 
seen by one standing in rear of the horse. The 
Capriole, the most vigorous of all the school move- 
ments, is like a high bolotade with the kick, from 
both hind-legs, delivered with full force. The kick, 
which characterises the bolotade and the capriole, is 
taught, in the pillars, by strokes of the whip upon 
the hind-quarters as the horse makes the leap, and 
in riding is demanded by a blow of the whip upon 
the rump. 

The earliest work upon horsemanship, of which 
we know anything, was written by Simo, a Greek, 
500 years or more before our era. Xenophon, the 
soldier-historian, compiled a treatise upon the sub- 
ject, with Simo's work as a basis. It is probable 
that Pliny the Elder was also, as is reported, the 
author of a book on riding, but no copy of it is in 
existence, nor have we remaining to us any work 
upon the subject between Xenophon and Grison of 
Naples, who issued a work upon the mandgem 1552. 
This last-mentioned date is given by all the modern 
writers as the revival of horsemanship, when Grison, 
Pignatelli, and their immediate followers, were 
handed down to fame by the newly invented pro- 
cess of multiplying books by printing. Horseman- 
ship had never been neglected, and there was a 



154 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

revival only in the sense that printing spread a 
knowledge of an art which grows by degrees. The 
Greeks improved upon the barbarians, the Romans 
upon the Greeks, the Italians upon the Romans, 
the French upon the Italians, and the general rules 
of the mandge are more perfect and more generally 
known to-day than ever before. We know that 
the Greeks understood the principles of bitting, and 
practised their horses in leaping, in the career (short 
courses at a rapid pace, with sharp turns at each 
end), and even in the demi-pesade ; that the Romans 
had places (hippodromes) in which they exercised 
their horses and taught them various movements, 
now known as the amble, the piaffer, and the Span- 
ish march; that when Grison wrote, in 1552, the 
finished airs of the curvet and capriole were known, 
for all that he invented was a method of teaching 
the pirouette, then called the Ciametta. 

When we consider that at so early a period 
as the middle of the sixteenth century the most 
finished air of the high school (the capriole) was 
practised, and that the wars and rude sports of the 
Romans and their successors, as well as the tourna- 
ments which had flourished for several hundred 
years, demanded thorough horsemanship, it is diffi- 
cult to point out any time during which the art was 
neglected. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. I 55 

Undoubtedly Pignatelli, who was either a con- 
temporary of Grison, at Naples, or came just 
after him, did much towards forming the method 
of training that was employed in Europe until 
Baucher, in the first half of the present century, 
gave to the world his admirable system. Pignatelli 
was the inventor of the single pillar used for sup- 
pling the horse. His pupil, Pluvinel, a Frenchman, 
devised the two pillars, and was, I think, the first to 
use the covered mandge, for Grison and Pignatelli 
worked their horses in the open air, the single pillar 
of the latter having been a tree standing in a field. 
The method of Pignatelli was introduced into 
France by his pupils La Brone and Pluvinel, both 
of whom wrote works upon the subject; and the 
mandge was brought into England by two pupils 
of Grison, natives of Italy, who were invited into 
his kingdom by Henry vm. It is to be regretted 
that Pignatelli never wrote concerning the art ; 
but his theories have been preserved by La 
Brone. 

The first book upon horsemanship to appear in 
England was a translation (1580), by Thomas 
Blundevill, of Grison's treatise. From this we 
learn that before the Italian's method was made 
public the English understood ' managing ' a horse 
to be * galloping and turning to and fro in one self 



156 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

path' (Chap, xx., Book Second, The Art of Riding, 
ed. 1597). The question, so often asked, even in 
this day, whether it be possible for one to train a 
horse by the precepts laid down in a book, has had 
an answer ready for it any time during the past 300 
years ; for in the preface to his translation, above 
referred to, Thomas Blundevill says of ' My dear 
friend, Master John Ashlie, Master of the Queen's 
Majesties Jewell House/ ' for by the daily practising 
of the rules of Grison his book, I saw him, without 
the aid of any other teacher, bring two of his horses, 
and specallie that which he calleth his Balle, unto 
such perfection, as I believe few Gentlemen in this 
Realme have the like/ 

After Grison's little book a great number of 
works upon the subject of horsemanship appeared, 
in Italy, in France, and in England ; but they were 
all rendered useless when the Duke of Newcastle 
published his Nouvelle Methode, at Antwerp, in the 
latter part of the seventeenth century. This treatise 
gave the Duke, justly, the reputation of being the 
foremost horseman in Europe. The next advance 
in the art was marked by M. de la Gueriniere, who 
invented the movement known as ' shoulder-in ' 
(Pdpaule en dedans)-, and from that time (1733), 
until Baucher introduced the system of suppling by 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 1 5 7 

means of the bits without the use of the pillars, no 
great changes were made. Baucher's system is now 
the foundation for all the best methods of horseman- 
ship, and the best modern works upon the subject 
are by French authors. 



158 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 



CHAPTER XVIII.— THE PACES OF THE HORSE. 

THE WALK— THE TROT— THE GALLOP. 

Should it be asked why I have undertaken to write 
upon a subject that has been so carefully treated 
by Dr. Stillman in The Horse in Motion, and ex- 
plained with such confidence by Professor Marey, 
I shall answer that, by the first, there was no notice 
taken of the ordinary gallop of three beats ; that, by 
the second, the walk was not properly represented, 
and that, moreover, I have some original obser- 
vations to offer. 

The Walk is a pace of four flat beats, each foot 
being planted in regular order. If we are looking 
at the walking horse at the moment the right fore- 
foot comes to the ground, we shall find that the left 
hind-foot is next planted, then the left fore-foot is 
brought to the ground, and finally the right hind- 
foot, when the right fore- foot will lead again in a 
new stride. 

During this movement, the horse has taken the 
weight, first, upon three feet (the two fore-feet and 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 1 59 

the right hind-foot), then upon two feet (the right 
fore-foot and the right hind-foot), then upon three 
feet (the two hind-feet and the right fore-foot), then 
upon two feet (the left fore-foot and the right hind- 
foot), and the same order is repeated while the 
animal moves in the same pace. 

A horse stumbles if one of the fore- feet strikes an 
object as it is being advanced ; but the danger of a 
fall is most imminent at the moment the foot is being 
planted, for at that instant the weight is borne by a 
pair of diagonal legs over which the centre of gravity 
has passed ; and, unless the hind-leg opposite to the 
obstructed fore-leg is moved up under the body 
to support the mass, and raise the forehand, the 
animal must come down. 

Of course, a horse may trip with one of the hind- 
feet, but a moment's reflection will show us that 
there is but little danger of a fall, for the centre 
of gravity being thrown to the rear checks the 
momentum of the mass, and gives the animal an 
opportunity of recovering from the disorder before 
the centre of gravity has passed over the bearers, 
an effort in which the outward turned hock-joint of 
the planted hind-leg gives its assistance. 

The horse has less stability in the true walk than 
in any other pace, but if the mounted horse be 
collected between the hand and heels of its rider, 



l6o ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

the movement that results is the safest of all others 
for rough or slippery ground ; for in the united 
action thus brought about the fore-feet are well 
raised and firmly planted, and the hind-feet follow 
their diagonally disposed fore-feet with but short 
intervals, while the momentum is not strong enough 
to greatly increase the dangers of a mistake. 

A horse may start in the walk with any one of 
the legs ; but a perfectly balanced horse, in a state 
of nature, would begin to walk with one of the hind- 
legs, the fore-leg of the same side giving way for 
it. A mounted horse will usually lead off with the 
fore-leg opposite to the side against which the heel 
of the rider gives the indication for the movement. 
Under any circumstances, if the horse be standing 
with one of the hind-legs advanced under the body; 
the animal will begin the walk with the fore-leg of 
the same side. 

It will be seen that in the walk the horse has 
never less than two, never more than three feet 
bearing the weight at the same time. 

The Trot. — When the horse moves with springy 
steps, and the foot- falls mark two sharp beats, the 
pace is the trot. 

In the trot, the horse springs from one pair of 
diagonally disposed legs to the other pair, and is free 
from the ground between each step. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. l6l 

The horse breaks from the walk into the trot 
either because of the increased vigour and the union 
of action, or because of this vigour and union and 
momentum. 

We have seen that in the walk each hind-leg is 
one beat behind its diagonally disposed fore-leg, but 
when each hind-leg is moved in unison with its 
diagonal fore-leg, the horse must go into air from 
the other pair of legs to permit the first-named pair 
to be planted ; otherwise the fore-foot of the pair 
that remained upon the ground would be in the way 
of the hind-leg of the pair about to reach the ground, 
or if the steps were too short for that inconvenience 
to arise, there would be produced an unknown and 
awkward movement, in which all four feet took the 
weight at certain stages. 

If the trot depends simply upon this united action 
of a fore-leg and its diagonal hind-leg, the pace may 
be very slow. 

But if the speed be so great that the stride is too 
long for the fore-feet to remain upon the ground 
together ; and for the hind-feet to remain upon the 
ground together, the true trot must result, and the 
horse must go into air from each pair of diagonal 
bearers. It is for this reason that awkward or 
impeded horses, that do not perform the trot 
properly at a slow rate of speed, move in the true 

L 



1 62 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

action of the trot when going rapidly. If the 
balanced and diagonal movement of the trot be 
maintained, the vigorous efforts of the hind-legs, as 
they rapidly propel the mass, insure that unity of 
action with their corresponding fore-legs that marks 
the pace. 

In the true trot, therefore, the horse has never 
more than two feet upon the ground at the same 
time, and goes into air at every spring from the 
diagonally disposed bearers. 

But horses that are carelessly ridden, or that draw 
heavy loads, do not take the true trot when they are 
urged, at low rates of speed, from the walk. This 
hybrid pace we may call the jog-trot. It has some- 
thing of the springy step of the trot, but there are 
stages in which, as in the walk, three feet touch the 
ground at the same time, and the animal is never 
quite free from the ground. The jog-trot results 
when the hind-legs are not moved synchronously 
with their diagonally disposed fore-legs, but follow 
their leaders with more or less of an interval, 
depending upon the want of vigour with which they 
are moved. In the instantaneous photographs, the 
horse in the jog-trot can only be distinguished from 
the walking horse by the very light bearing on the 
third foot in the two stages where, in the walk, three 
feet are firmly planted. 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 1 63 

In the jog-trot the horse is in almost as much 
danger of falling as in the walk, for the momentum 
of the increased speed detracts from the stability 
that might be expected from the more rapid move- 
ments of the hind-legs, as they are carried under the 
centre of gravity. 

There are motions other than those I have dis- 
cussed and the one we are now about giving our 
attention to, such as the amble, the rack, the 
running walk, etc., in which the horse may move, 
but, although the first is natural to some horses, 
I do not think it necessary to analyse them. 

The Gallop. — There are two forms of the pace 
known as the gallop, and although I think that they 
should be recognised as distinct paces, I shall treat 
them here under the same head, only explaining the 
points wherein they differ. 

The first we shall call the hand gallop, which is 
a pace of three beats ; the hind-foot, which receives 
the weight after the horse has been in air, marking 
the first ; the other hind-foot and its diagonally 
disposed fore-foot, coming to the ground together, 
marking the second ; the fore-foot of the side opposite 
to the hind-foot which first received the weight, 
marking the third beat ; and from this last-named 
foot the horse goes into air in a new stride. 

When the speed is so great that the horse cannot 



164 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

maintain the collected form that permits a hind-foot 
and its diagonal fore- foot to come to the ground 
together, we have an extended pace of four beats, 
which we shall call the full gallop. In the full 
gallop the horse goes into air from a fore-foot, 
receives the weight upon the diagonal hind-foot, 
then plants the other hind-foot, then, taking the 
weight upon the latter, extends itself and plants the 
diagonal fore-foot, takes the weight upon the latter, 
and then plants the other fore-foot, which then 
alone sustains the weight until the centre of gravity- 
passes over it, when the horse again goes into air 
to alight upon the diagonal hind-foot planted in 
front of the spot just vacated by the last-mentioned 
fore-foot. Thus we have the mass, driven by the 
hind-legs, and carried on by its momentum, passing 
over four crutches in each stride ; the impulse from 
the hind-legs (aided perhaps to some extent by the 
muscular action of the fore-legs) renewing the 
momentum, so that a tolerably even rate of high 
speed is maintained. 

That the fore-legs have very little, if any, pro- 
pulsive force, may be seen in the hand gallop ; for 
here, where the momentum is not sufficient to over- 
come the gravitation of the mass, the impulse (as 
the photographs in my book on The Gallop show) 
that enables the horse to go into air from the leading 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 1 65 

fore-leg is given by the hind-leg of that side after 
the other fore-leg has been raised from the ground. 
Of course, as the speed is increased, the necessity 
for a delayed impulse from the second hind-leg in 
each stride would be avoided, until, as in the rapid 
pace of the race-horse, the momentum would be so 
great that the second hind-leg in each stride could 
leave the ground before the leading fore-leg (from 
which the horse goes into air) is planted. 

The horse may take the gallop under many 
different circumstances, but it is always because the 
vigorous action from the hind-quarters shifts the 
weights, and forbids the balance necessary for the 
performance of the other paces. 

It may be that speed demands the gallop, as the 
gallop, for reasons that I shall show, is the most 
rapid of the paces of the horse. It may be that the 
rider throws back the weights by the action of the 
bridle hand, and demands vigorous action from the 
hind-quarters with the spur. It may be that a pull 
upon the collar of a harnessed horse has checked the 
forehand, so that the hind-legs have been carried 
under the mass and the weights have been thrown 
upon the hind-quarters, and those parts have re- 
sponded with renewed energy. It may be the 
fancy of a mettled horse at liberty. But, whatever 
the circumstances may have been, the gallop has 



1 66 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 

resulted from the vigorous action of the stronger 
hind-quarters preventing the weaker forehand from 
maintaining the balanced action of the walk, the 
trot, the amble, or the rack. 

I have said that the gallop is the pace in which 
the horse can move with the greatest rapidity, and 
I shall prove it by showing how and why the horse 
' breaks ' when pushed beyond its speed in the trot. 

We have seen that in the trot the horse springs 
from one pair of diagonal legs to the other pair ; 
and it is when these diagonally disposed legs work 
exactly together that the pace is perfect. If, when 
the horse be trotting, a faster rate be demanded, the 
impulse will come from the hind-quarters. 

Should this impulse be so great that the weights 
are thrown forward and fix the forehand, the animal 
will fall, if the hind-leg that is being moved with 
the fore-leg which receives the increased impulse be 
not carried beyond the spot it should take in the 
trot, under the centre of gravity. The weights are 
then thrown back, the forehand rises, the second 
hind-leg is planted as the horse gravitates to the 
ground, and, at the same time, or after this second 
hind-leg is planted (depending upon the extended 
state of the horse) the fore-leg that has not been 
hampered by the shifting of the weights comes to 
the ground, and then is planted the fore-leg which 



RIDING AND TRAINING. 167 

was at first overpowered by the increased impulse, 
and which has had the time taken by the movement 
of the three other legs to recover from its disorder. 
But the pace is no longer the trot ; the balance has 
been lost, and the regularity of the diagonal move- 
ment cannot at once be restored ; and as the 
momentum carries the horse over the last-planted 
fore-leg the mass goes into the air, and the diagonal 
hind-leg, that was carried under the centre of 
gravity at the time the forehand was overpowered, 
is ready to receive the weight, and the horse is in 
the gallop. 

The horse may keep the trot as long as the fore- 
legs are able to move with the hind-legs. But the 
latter are the more vigorous, and, if speed or any 
other circumstance demands it, there is a point when 
the hind-quarters throw the weight so strongly upon 
the forehand, that the balance between the extremi- 
ties is lost, and the forehand is fixed ; then the hind- 
leg that is acting with the fore-leg which has received 
the weight is carried under the centre of gravity and 
planted, and from that moment the horse is in the 
gallop. As long as this increased vigour from the 
hind-quarters is continued the pace must be the 
gallop ; for then the fore-legs are not called upon to 
act with the stronger hind-legs, but after them ; so 
that the leading fore-leg is given the time from 



1 68 RIDING AND TRAINING. 

which it goes into air until all of the other three legs 
have been planted before it is again called into use ; 
and the other fore-leg is given the time that it takes 
the fore-foot and one hind-foot, or the fore-foot and 
both hind-feet (depending upon whether the pace 
becomes the hand gallop or the full gallop) before 
it is again called into use. 

We may see therefore, that the trot can never be 
the most rapid pace as long as the hind-quarters of 
the horse are stronger than the forehand ; for the 
gallop is the only pace in which the feet are moved 
in such order that the fore-legs have time to recover 
from the too vigorous impulses of the stronger hind- 
legs. 

While the rate of speed continues to be too great 
for the fore-legs to work in unison with their corre- 
sponding (diagonal) hind-legs, the pace will remain 
the gallop ; and until the balance between the 
extremities is restored, whatever the rate of speed 
may be, the trot cannot be resumed. In other words, 
so long as the point of balance is shifted at each 
stride, so that each fore-leg cannot move with its 
diagonal hind-leg, or before it, the horse must be in 
some form of the galloping pace. 



PRINTED BY T. AND A. CONSTABLE, PRINTERS TO HER MAJESTY, 
AT THE EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS. 



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Edinburgh, October 1883. 



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"We know of no work within the reach of all students so completely realising its 
professions, and we can confidently recommend to the architect, artist, and 
antiquary, young and old, this volume on Celtic art in Scotland." — British 
Architect and Engineer. 

"Mr. Anderson sets the facts forth with an accuracy too rare fn works of 
this class, and arranges them in the light of principles that make many of 
them for the first time intelligible." — St. James's Gazette. 

ANDERSON— Scotland in Early Christian Times. 

Second Series. Celtic Art. By Joseph Anderson, LL.D. 1 vol. demy Svo, price 
12s. (Being the Rhind Lectures in Archaeology, 18S0.) 

" All interested in the development of art will find here much new material for 
reflection." — Westminster Review. 

ANDERSON— Scotland in Pagan Times. The Iron Age. 

By Joseph Anderson, LL.D. 1 vol. demy Svo, price 12s. (Being the Rhind 
Lectures in Archaeology, 1881.) 

ARMSTRONG-The History of Liddesdale, Eskdale, Ewes- 
dale, Wauchopedale, and the Debateable Land. Part I. from the Twelfth Century 
to 1530. By Robert Bruce Armstrong. The edition will be limited to 275 copies 
demy quarto, and 105 copies on large paper (10 inches by 13). With an Appendix 
of 70 Documents, arranged in Chronological order down to 1566. The selection has 
been made from private Charter-chests, MS. collections in London and Edinburgh, 
and rare printed works, and comprises Charters, Rent-rolls, Excerpts from the 
Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer, Bonds of Manrent, Bonds for the Re-entry 
of Prisoners, Lists of Scottish Borderers under English Assurance, Injuries inflicted 
by the English and by the Scottish Borderers under English Assurance from Sep- 
tember 1543 to June 1544, interesting Letters and a Military Report on the West 
March of Scotland and Liddesdale by an English official, etc. etc. 
The Volume will be illustrated by Maps, Etchings, Lithographs, and Woodcuts, 



PUBLISHED BY DAVID DOUGLAS. 



all of which— with the exception of Blaeu's Maps of Liddesdale and Eskdale, and 
the etchings of James IV., James V., and the Earl of Angus, by C. Lawrie— will 
either be from the author's drawings or wholly executed by himself. The litho- 
graphs in colour will include facsimiles of four interesting representations of 
Scottish Border Castles and Towns drawn between the years 1563 and 1566, Plates 
of Arms of the Lords of Liddesdale, of the Clans of the District, of Lindsay of 
Wauchope, also of the Seals of John Armstrong and William Elliot, etc. etc. 

[In the Press, to be ready in November. 

BAILDON— Morning Clouds : 

Being divers Poems by H. B. Baildon, B.A. Cantab., Author of " Rosamund," etc. 
Ex. fcap. 8vo, 5s. 

"Their tremulous beauty, delicate fancies, and wealth of language, recall the 
poetry of Shelley." — Literary World. 

BAILDON— First Fruits. 5s. 
BAILDON— Rosamund. 5s. 
Bible Readings. 

Extra fcap. 8vo, 2s. 

BISHOP— The Voyage of the Paper Canoe. 

A Geographical Journey of 2500 Miles, from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico, during 
the year 1874-75. By N. H. Bishop. With Maps and Plates, demy 8vo, 10s. 6d. 

" There are some capital stories in this book, with a racy American flavour ; 
and Mr. Bishop especially shines in his delineation of the liberated and enfran- 
chised negro." — Pall Mall Gazette. 

BLACKIE— Lyrical Poems. 

Crown 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d. 

BLACKIE— The Language and Literature of the Scottish 

Highlands. In 1 vol. crown 8vo, 6s. 

" The way to a mother's heart is through her children ; the way to a people's 
heart is through its language." — Jean Paul Richter. 

" Ein Buch, das ich auch deutschen Lesern, und zwar in einem betrachtlich 
weitem Umfange, nicht angelegentlich genug empfehlen kann." — Dr. R. Pauli. 

BLACKIE— Four Phases of Morals : 

Socrates, Aristotle, Christianity, and Utilitarianism. Lectures delivered before 
the Royal Institution, London. Ex. fcap. 8vo, Second Edition, 5s. 

BLACKIE— Songs of Religion and Life. 

Fcap. 8vo, 6s. 

BLACKIE-On Self-Culture : 

Intellectual, Physical, and Moral. A Vade-Mecum for Young Men and Students. 
Fourteenth Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d. 

" Every parent should put it into the hands of his son." — Scotsman. 

" Students in all countries would do well to take as their vade-mecum a little 
book on self-culture by the eminent Professor of Greek in the University of Edin- 
burgh." — Medical Press and Circxdar. 

" An invaluable manual to be put into the hands of students and young men." 
— Era. 

" Written in that lucid and nervous prose of which he is a master." — Spectator. 

"An adequate guide to a generous, eager, and sensible life. "— Academy. 

"The volume is a little thing, but it is a multumin parvo ... a little locket 
gemmed within and without with real stones fitly set."— Courant. 



LIST OF BOOKS 



BLACKIE— On Greek Pronunciation. 

Demy 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
BLACKIE— On Beauty. 

Crown 8vo, cloth, 8s. 6d. 

"A useful and closely written book, fervid without being verbose, scientific 
without being dry ; and as amusing as it is valuable."— Athenceum. 

BLACKIE— Musa Burschicosa. 

A Book of Songs for Students and University Men. Feap. 8vo, 2s. 6d. 

BLACKIE— "War Songs of the Germans. 

Fcap. 8vo, price 2s. 6d. cloth ; 2s. paper. 

BLACKIE— Political Tracts. 

No. 1. Government. No. 2. Education. Price Is. each. 
BLACKIE— Gaelic Societies. 

Highland Depopulation and Land Law Reform. Demy 8vo, 6d. 

BLACKIE— Homer and the Iliad. 

In three Parts. 4 vols, demy 8vo, price 42s. 

BOWEN—" Verily, Verily," The Amens of Christ. 

By the Rev. George Bowen of Bombay. Small 4to, cloth, 5s. 

" For private and devotional reading this book will be found very helpful and 
stimulative." — Literary World. 

BOWEN- Daily Meditations by Rev. G. Bowen of Bombay. 

With Introductory Notice by Rev. W. Hanna, D.D., Author of "The Last Day of 
our Lord's Passion." New Edition, small 4to, cloth, 5s. 

"Among such books we shall scarcely find another which exhibits the same 
freshness and vividness of idea, the same fervour of faith, the same intensity or 
devotion. ... I count it a privilege to introduce in this country a book so fitted 
to attract and to benefit. " — Extract from Preface. 

" These meditations are the production of a missionary whose mental history is 
very remarkable. . . . His conversion to a religious life is undoubtedly one of the 
most remarkable on record. They are all distinguished by a tone of true piety, 
and are wholly free from a sectarian or controversial bias."— Morning Post. 

BROWN— Horse Subsecivse. First Series. 

By John Brown, M.D. In 1 vol. crown 8vo. Fourth Edition, with a Portrait by 
Jas. Faed, 7s. 6d. Containing — 



Locke and Sydenham. 

Dr. Andrew Combe. 

Dr. Henry Marshall and Military 

Hygiene. 
Art and Science : A Contrasted 

Parallel. 
Our Gideon Grays. 
Dr. Andrew Brown and Sydenham. 
Free Competition in Medicine. 

" The whole volume is full of wit and wisdom. ... It will be a medical classic 
like the " Religio Medici." — Edinburgh Medical Journal. 



Edward Forbes. 

Dr. Adams, of Banchory. 

Henry Vaughan. 

Excursus Ethicus. 

Professor Syme. 

Dr. John Scott. 

Sir Robert Christison. 

Lectures on Health. 



PUBLISHED BY DAVID DOUGLAS. 



BEOWN-Horffi Subsecivse. Second Series. 

By John Brown, M.D. In 1 vol. crown 8vo. Eleventh. Edition, 7s. 6d. Con- 
taining — 



Letter to John Cairns, D.D. 
Dr. Chalmers. 
Dr. George "Wilson. 
Her Last Half-Crown. 
Queen Mary's Child-Garden. 



Our Dogs. 

Notes on Art. 

"Oh, I'm Wat, Wat!" 

Education Through the Senses. 



ArXINOIA — Nearness of the NOTS — Presence of Mind— 'ETSTOXIA : 
Happy Guessing. 

The Black Dwarfs Bones. I " With Brains, Sir ! " 

Rab and his Friends. I Arthur H. Hallam. 

" He speaks to us out of the riches of a storied past with all the charm of one 
who knew and loved it well ; and his manner is so sympathetic, and his touch so 
gentle and exquisite, that we always feel he knows and loves the present with the 
truest and largest of hearts." — Literary World. 

BROWN- Horse Subsecivae. Third Series. 

By John Brown, M.D. In 1 vol. crown 8vo. Fourth Edition, with a Portrait by 
Geo. Reid, R.S.A., 7s. 6d. Containing— 



John Leech. 

A Jacobite Family. 

Mystifications. 

Miss Stirling Graham of Duntrune. 

Thackeray's Death. 

Marjorie Fleming. 

Minchmoor. 

"In Clear Dream and Solemn 

Vision." 
Jeems the Doorkeeper. 



SirE. Landseer's Picture, "There's Life 
in the Old Dog Yet," &c. 

The Enterkin. 

The Duke of Athole. 

Struan. 

Dick Mihi, or Cur, why ? 

E. V. K. to his Friend in Town. 

Sir Henry Raeburn. 

Something about a Well, With more of 
our Dogs. 

" Dr. John Brown's humour, pathos, and geniality are acknowledged qualities. 
. . . We end with a hearty recommendation of the book to readers of almost every 
variety of taste, for they will find here scores of stories which will make them 
laugh or shudder, or feel a great disposition to cry." — Saturday Review. 

" In this new volume of the ' Horse Subsecivae' Dr. John Brown has given us 
some more of his pleasant and discursive essays on men and beasts." — Pall Mall 
Gazette. 

" One very obvious characteristic of these papers is their appearance of ease and 
spontaneity. They impress us as the work of one full of his subject and delighted 
with it." — Academy. 

"With two exceptions the essays and sketches are all racy of the northern 
soil." — St. James's Gazette. 

" The author of ' Rab and his Friends ' has published a volume of stray papers 
in which many delightful glimpses will be found of old Edinburgh society." — 
Dundee Advertiser. 

" To see another work of Dr. John Brown is pleasant unto the eyes as to see 
the face of an old friend." — Scotsman. 

"There is in almost every one of Dr. Brown's inimitable papers such an ' eeri- 
ness ' as befitteth best only the hours of darkness." — Spectator. 

" He has not a little of Mr. Ruskin's love of nature, but his humour and his 
wide human affections preserve him from the evils of over intensity."— Noncon- 
formist. 

" The author of ' Rab and his Friends' has a place apart among contemporary 
essayists. His manner and his matter are alike peculiar to himself." — Athenamm, 



LIST OF BOOKS 



Separate Papers, extracted from " Horce Subsecivce." 
Rab and his Friends. 

With India-proof portrait of the Author after Faed, and seven India-proof 
Illustrations after Sir G. Harvey, Sir J. Noel Paton, Mrs. Blackburn, and 
G. Reid, R.S.A. Demy 4to, cloth, 9s. 
" "Written with a quiet, unaffected power, worthy of the pathetic and touching 
scene it describes." — Saturday Review. 

"A quaint and touching story." — Afhenozum. 

"A veritable gem. It is true, simple, pathetic, and touched with an antique 
grace."— -Fraser's Magazine. 

Marjorie Fleming: A Sketch. Being a Paper entitled "Pet 

Marjorie ; a Story of a Child's Life fifty years ago." New Edition, with Illustra- 
tions. Small 4to. 

Rab and his Friends. 

Cheap Illustrated Edition. Square 12mo, ornamental wrapper, Is. 

Rab and his Friends. 

Sixty-fourth Thousand. Price 6d. 

Our Dogs. 

Twentieth Thousand. Price 6d. 

"With Brains, Sir!" 

Seventh Thousand. Price 6d. 

Minchmoor. 

Tenth Thousand. Price 6d. 

The Enterkin. 

Seventh Thousand. Price 6d. 

Jeems the Doorkeeper. 

Twelfth Thousand. Price 6d. 

Marjorie Fleming: A Sketch. 

Sixteenth Thousand. Price 6d. 

Plain Words on Health. 

Twenty-seventh Thousand. Price 6d. 

Something about a Well : With more of our Dogs. Price 6d. 
Arthur H. Hallam. 

Price 2s. sewed ; and 2s. 6d. cloth, gilt edges. 

Supplementary Chapter to the Life of the Rev. John 

Brown, D.D. Second Edition. Price 2s. 

BROWN-The Capercaillie in Scotland. 

By J. A. Harvie Brown. Etchings on Copper, and Map illustrating the extension 
of its range since its Restoration at Taymouth in 1837 and 1838. Demy 8vo, 8s. 6d. 

" To no one will it prove uninteresting, and to ornithologists and sportsmen it 
is specially inviting." — Dundee Advertiser. 

"A carefully prepared and exhaustive monograph of the Capercailzie in Scot- 
land, which ought to be perused by every proprietor of an estate, forester, and 
naturalist in the country."— Journal of Forestry. 

BULIiOCH — George Jamesone. The Scottish Vandyke. 

1587 to 1644. By John Bulloch. "With Two Illustrations by George Reid, R.S.A. 

[In the Press. 

BURNETT— "The Red Book of Menteith" Reviewed. 

By George Burnett, Advocate, Lyon King of Arms. In 1 vol. small 4to, 5s. 



PUBLISHED BY DAVID DOUGLAS. 



BURROUGHS-Winter Sunshine. 

By John Burroughs. 32mo, Is., and cloth 2s. 

" The minuteness of his observation, the keenness of his perception, give him 
a real originality, and his sketches have a delightful oddity, vivacity, and fresh- 
ness." — The Nation {New York). 

"It is full of amusing anecdotes and personal experiences." — Dundee Advertiser. 

"Mr. Burroughs is one of the most delightful of American essayists, steeped in 
culture to the finger ends, and ' Winter Sunshine ' is one of his most delightful and 
agreeable volumes." — Pall Mall Gazette. 

" It is not often granted to us to see ourselves as other see us quite so pleasantly as 
we do in Mr. Burroughs' nice little account of his trip to England." — Saturday Review. 

CABLE— Old Creole Days. 

By Geo. W. Cable. 32mo, Is. ; and in cloth, 2s. 

"With a good gift for language, and a very rare one for dialect, he has made a 
systematic study of Creole French, of which he may be regarded as the first 
thorough exponent." — Century. 

"Another writer who has gained a great and well-deserved reputation in the 
United States is Mr. George W. Cable, who is doing for the State of Louisiana what 
Nathaniel Hawthorne did for New England — reproducing for us the people and 
customs of an age which, though not remote, has passed away." — Quarterly Review. 

" The combination of grotesque humour and of genuine pathos is most charm- 
ing, and quite unique and inimitable." — Glasgow Citizen. 

" This collection, which includes seven stories, deserves to be read if only because 
it gives a picture of a phase of Southern life which has now passed away." — Satur- 
day Review. 

"We cannot recall any contemporary American writer of fiction who possesses 
some of the best gifts of the novelist in a higher degree." — St. James's Gazette. 

"The book is one which when we have once begun we are constrained to finish." 
— The Freeman. 

CAIRNS-Memoir of John Brown, D.D. 

By John Cairns, D.D., Berwick-on-Tweed. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 

CAMPBELL— My Indian Journal. 

Containing Descriptions of the principal Field Sports of India, with Notes on the 
Natural History and Habits of the Wild Animals of the Country. By Colonel 
Walter Campbell, Author of "The Old Forest Ranger." Small demy 8vo, with 
Illustrations by Wolf, 16s. 

CHALMERS— Life and Works of Rev. Thomas Chalmers, 

D.I)., LL.D. 

Memoirs of the Rev. Thomas Chalmers. By Rev. W. Hanna, D.D., LL.D. New 

Edition. 2 vols, crown 8vo, cloth, 12s. 
Daily Scripture Readings. Cheap Edition. 2 vols, crown 8vo, 10s. 
Astronomical Discourses, Is. 
Commercial Discourses, Is. 
Select Works, in 12 vols, crown 8vo, cloth, per vol. 6s. 

Lectures on the Romans. 2 vols. 

Sermons. 2 vols. 

Natural Theology, Lectures on Butler's Analogy, etc. 1 vol. 

Christian Evidences, Lectures on Paley's Evidences, etc. 1 vol. 

Institutes of Theology. 2 vols. 

Political Economy, with Cognate Essays. 1 vol. 

Polity of a Nation. 1 vol. 

Church and College Establishments. 1 vol. 

Moral Philosophy, Introductory Essays, Index, etc. 1 vol. 



LIST OF BOOKS 



CHIENE— Lectures on Surgical Anatomy. 

By John Chiene, M.D., Prof, of Surgery in the University of Edinburgh. In 

1 vol. demy Svo. With numerous illustrations drawn on Stone by Berjeau. 12s. 6d. 
" Dr. Chiene has succeeded in going over the most important part of the ground, 

and in a pleasant readable manner. . . . They (the plates) are well executed, and 
considerably enhance the value of the book." — Lancet. 

" The book will be a great help to both teachers and taught, and students can 
depend upon the teaching as being sound." — Medical Times and Gazette. 

CHIENE— Lectures on the Elements or First Principles of 

Surgery. By John Chiene, M.D., Prof, of Surgery in the University of Edinburgh. 
Demy 8vo, 2s. 6d. 

CHRISTIE— Traditional Ballad Airs. 

Arranged and Harmonised for the Pianoforte and Harmonium. By W. Christie, 
M.A., and the late William Christie, Monquhitter. Demy 4to, Vols. I. and II. 
42s. each. 

"As a contribution to our national stories it takes rank perhaps even above 
Dean Ramsay's popular ' Reminiscences of Scottish Life and Character.' " — Inver- 
ness Courier. 

CONSTABLE— Archibald Constable and his Literary Cor- 
respondents : a Memorial. By his Son, Thomas Constable. 3 vols, demy Svo, 
36s., with Portrait. 

" He (Mr. Constable) was a genius in the publishing world. . . . The creator 
of the Scottish publishing trade." — Times. 

" These three volumes are of a singular and lasting interest." — Nonconformist. 

CRAWFORD — The Earldom of Mar, in Sunshine and in 

Shade, during Five Hundred Years. With incidental Notices of the leading Cases 
of Scottish Dignities of King Charles I. till now. By Alexander, Earl of Craw- 
ford and Balcarres, Lord Lindsay, etc. etc. 2 vols, demy Svo, 32s. 

"It is one of the most learned expositions of peerage history and peerage law, 
which it has been our fortune to find." — Morning Post. 

CROOM— A Clinical and Experimental Study of the Bladder 

during Parturition. By J. H. Croom, M.B., F.R.C.P.E. Small 4to, with Illus- 
trations. [In the Press. 

CUMMING— Wild Men and Wild Beasts. 

Adventures in Camp and Jungle. By Lieut. -Colonel Gordon Cumming. With 
Illustrations by Lieut.-Col. Baigrie and others. Second Edition. Small 4to, 
price 24s. 
Also, a cheaper edition, with Lithographic Illustrations. Svo, 12s. 

DASENT— Burnt Njal. 

From the Icelandic of the Njal's Saga. By Sir George Webbe Dasent, D.C.L. 

2 vols, demy 8vo, with Maps and Plans, 28s. 

DASENT— Gisli the Outlaw. 

From the Icelandic. By Sir George Webbe Dasent, D.C.L. Small 4to, with 
Illustrations, 7s. 6d. 

DASENT— Tales from the Norse. 

By Sir George Webbe Dasent, D.C.L. Third Edition, with Introduction and 
Appendix. In 1 vol. demy Svo. [In. the Press. 



PUBLISHED BY DAVID DOUGLAS. 



A Daughter of the Philistines : A Novel. 

1 vol. small crown 8vo, 6s. 

"The story is very powerfully told, possesses a piquantly satirical flavour, and 
possesses the very real attraction of freshness." — Scotsman. 

" It is cleverly and brightly written." — Academy. 

DAVIDSON— Inverurie and the Earldom of the Garioch. 

A Topographical and Historical Account of the Garioch from the Earliest Times to 
the Revolution Settlement, with a Genealogical Appendix of Garioch Families 
flourishing at the Period of the Revolution Settlement and still represented. By 
the Rev. John Davidson, D.D., Minister of Inverurie. In 1 vol. crown 4to, 25s. 

DAY — The Uses and Manufacture of Iron and Steel, from 

Prehistoric Ages to the Present Time. By St. John V. Day, C.B., F.R.S.E., 
F.S.A. (Scot.), Member of the Iron and Steel Institute, Member of the Institution 
of Mechanical Engineers, Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Member 
of Council of the Institute of Patent Agents, etc. To be completed in 3 vols. 
demy 8vo. (Vol. I. in October.) [In the Press. 

DITTMAR— A Manual of Chemical Analysis. 

By Professor William Dittmar. Ex. fcap. 8vo, 5s. 

DITTMAR— Tables forming an Appendix to Ditto. 

Demy Svo, 3s. 6d. 

DUN — Veterinary Medicines ; their Actions and Uses. 

By Finlay Dun. Sixth Edition, revised and enlarged. Demy Svo, 15s. 

DUNBAR— Social Life in Former Days ; 

Chiefly in the Province of Moray. Illustrated by Letters and Family Papers. By 
E. Dunbar Dunbar, late Captain 21st Fusiliers. 2 vols, demy Svo, 19s. 6d. 

ERSKINE— Letters of Thomas Erskine of Linlathen. 

Edited by William Hanna, D.D., Author of the "Memoirs of Dr. Chalmers," etc. 
Third Edition. In 1 vol. crown 8vo, 9s. 

" Here is one who speaks out of the fulness of a large living human heart ; whose 
words will awaken an echo in the hearts of many burdened with the cares of time, 
perplexed with the movements of the spirit of our time who will speak to their 
deepest needs, and lead them to a haven of rest." — Daily Review. 

"It does one good to come in contact with so saintly a man, and Dr. Hanna has 
certainly conferred a benefit on the Church at large by editing this volume." — 
Edinburgh Courant. 

'"How high must that peak have been which caught the light so early,' were 
the words with which a writer in the Contemporary Review, in sketching the life of 
Thomas Erskine, shortly after his death, characterised his position, his spirit, and 
his influence." — Nonconformist. 

ERSKINE— The Internal Evidence of Revealed Religion. 

Crown 8vo, 5s. 

"Before Mr. Erskine went abroad in 1822, he published his first work on 'The 
Internal Evidence of Revealed Religion,' in which he pursued in a more extended 
manner something of the same line of thought as that already spoken of. His 
great aim was to show the dlvine origin of christianity both from the 
fitting Illustration which it furnished of the Character of God and its 
Bearing on the Character of Man, to demonstrate that its facts not only present 
an impressive exhibition of all the moral qualities which can be conceived to reside 
in the Divine mind, but also contain all those objects which have a natural 
tendency to excite and suggest in the human mind that combination of moral 
feelings which has been termed moral perfection."— Edinburgh Review. 



10 LIST OF BOOKS 



ERSKINE— The Unconditional Freeness of the Gospel. 

New Edition, revised. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

ERSKINE— The Spiritual Order, 

And other Papers selected from the MSS. of the late Thomas Erskine of Linlathen. 
Second Edition. Crown Svo, 5s. 

" It will for a few have a value which others will not the least understand. But 
all must recognise in it the utterance of a spirit profoundly penetrated with the 
sense of brotherhood, and with the claims of common humanity." — Spectator. 

" Very deserving of study." — Times. 
Vide Bible Readings and Fragments of Truth. 

EESKINE— The Doctrine of Election, 

And its Connection with the General Tenor of Christianity, illustrated especially 
from the Epistle to the Romans. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

ERSKINE— The Brazen Serpent : 

Or, Life coming through Death. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s. 

FERGUSON — Guide to the Great North of Scotland Rail- 
way. By W. Ferguson of Kinmundy. In 1 vol. crown 8vo ; in paper cover, Is. ; 
cloth cover, Is. 6d. 

" An extremely readable and amusing, as well as instructive, little volume." — 
Aberdeen Free Press. 

FERGUSON- Twelve Sketches of Scenery and Antiquities 

on the Line of the Great North of Scotland Railway By George Reid, R.S.A. 
With Illustrative Letterpress by W. Ferguson of Kinmundy. Folio. 15s. 

FLETCHER— Autobiography of Mrs. Fletcher 

(of Edinburgh), with Letters and other Family Memorials. Edited by her Daugh- 
ter. Third Edition. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 

" This is a delightful book. It contains an illustrative record of a singularly 
noble, true, pure, prolonged, and happy life. The story is recounted with a can- 
dour, vivacity, and grace which are very charming." — Daily Review. 

FLEURY— L'Histoire de France. 

Par M. Lame Fleury. New Edition, corrected to 1883. ISmo, cloth, 2s. 6d. 

FORBES— The Deepening of the Spiritual Life. 

By A. P. Forbes, D. C. L. , Bishop of Brechin. Fifth Edition. Calf, red edges, 3s. 6d. 

FORBES— Kalendars of Scottish Saints, 

With Personal Notices of those of Alba, etc. By Alexander Penrose Forbes, 
D.C.L., Bishop of Brechin. 1 vol. 4to, price £3 : 3s. A few copies for sale on 
large paper, £5 : 15 : 6. 

" A truly valuable contribution to the archaeology of Scotland." — Guardian. 

" We must not forget to thank the author for the great amount of information he 
has put together, and for the labour he has bestowed on a work which can never 
be remunerative." — Saturday Review. 

" His laborious and very interesting work on the early Saints of Alba, Laudonia, 
and Strathclyde. "—Quarterly Review. 

FORBES — Missale Drummondiense. The Ancient Irish 

Missal in the possession of the Baroness Willoughby d'Eresby. Edited by the 
Rev. G. H. Forbes. Half-morocco, demy Svo, 12s. 



PUBLISHED BY DAVID DOUGLAS. 11 

. 



Fragments of Truth. 

Being the Exposition of several Passages of Scripture. Third Edition. Extra 
fcap. 8vo, 5s. 

FRASER— Alcohol : its Function and Place. 

By Thomas R. Fraser, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Materia Medica in the Univer- 
sity of Edinburgh. With Diagrams and Tables. 8vo, Is. 

GAIRDNER and SPEDDING— Studies in English History. 

By James Gairdner and James Spedding. In 1 vol. demy 8vo, 12s. 

1. The Lollards. 

2. Sir John Falstaff. 

3. Katherine of Arragon's First and Second Marriages. 

4. Case of Sir Thomas Overbury. 

5. Divine Right of Kings. 

6. Sunday, Ancient and Modern. 

"The authors' names alone are a sufficient guarantee that the Essays in this 
beautifully printed volume were worth reprinting." — St. James's Gazette. 

"It will enlighten the readers on some points in respect to which they are at 
present very much in the dark."— Scotsman. 

GAIRDNER— On Medicine and Medical Education. 

By W. T. Gairdner, Professor of the Practice of Medicine in the University of 
Glasgow. Three Lectures, with Notes and an Appendix. 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

GAIRDNER— Clinical and Pathological Notes on Peri- 
carditis. By W. T. Gairdner, Professor of the Practice of Medicine in the Univer- 
sity of Glasgow. 8vo, sewed, Is. 

Gifts for Men. 

By X. H. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

" There is hardly a living theologian who might not be proud to claim many of 
her thoughts as his own." — Glasgow Herald. 

GILFILLAN— Sketches Literary and Theological ; 

Being selections from the unpublished MSS. of the Rev. George Gilfillan. 
Edited by Frank Henderson, Esq., M.P. 7s. 6d. 

"The papers chosen for publication are chiefly critical, and they form a most 
readable, instructive, and interesting volume."— Dundee Advertiser. 

GORDON— The Roof of the World ; 

Being the Narrative of a Journey over the High Plateau of Tibet to the Russian 
Frontier, and the Oxus Sources on Pamir. By Lieut. -Col. T. E. Gordon, C.S.I. 
With numerous Illustrations. Royal 8vo, 31s. 6d. 

GORDON— The Home Life of Sir David Brewster. 

By his Daughter, Mrs. Gordon. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

"With his own countrymen it is sure of a welcome, and to the savants of Europe, 
and of the New World, it will have a real and special interest of its own." — Pall 
Mall Gazette. 
Also a cheaper Edition, crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 

By the same Author. 
GORDON— Workers. 

Fourth Thousand. Fcap. 8vo, limp cloth, Is. 



12 LIST OF BOOKS 



GORDON- Work ; 

Or, Plenty to do and How to do it. Thirty-sixth Thousand. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d. 



Warfare Work. 
Everyday Work. 
Social Work. 
Home Work. 
Single Women's Work. 
Waiting Work. 
Preparatory Work. 
Desultory Work. 
Praising Work. 
Special Work. 



Work of Employers and 

Employed. 
Country Work. 
Sabbath Work. 
Thought Work. 
Proving Work. 
Rest. 



Praying Work. 
Homely Hints about Work. 
Reward of Work. 
Future Work. 
Combined Work. 
Little Children's Work. 
Young Ladies' Work. 
Work of Teachers and 

Taught. 
Household Work. 

"Mrs. Gordon is precisely one of the ladies for the time, — not a drowsy dreamer, 
but fully awake, strong in heart, ardent in zeal, and intent on the vigorous use of 
right means to promote right ends." — British Banner. 

"A better gift book for young domestic servants we do not know."— Literary 



GORDON— Little Millie and her Four Places. 

Cheap Edition. Fifty-eighth Thousand. Limp cloth, Is. 

"The narrative is simple and attractive; the plan of the work is well con- 
ceived ; the style is fluent and lively ; and the interest of the tale is well sustained 
to the close."— Spectator. 

GOEDON— Sunbeams in the Cottage; 

Or, What Women may do. A Narrative chiefly addressed to the Working Classes. 
Cheap Edition. Forty-fifth Thousand. Limp cloth, Is. 

" The fruit alike of strong sense and philanthropic genius. . . . There is in 
every chapter much to instruct the mind as well as to mould the heart and to 
mend the manners. The volume has all the charms of romance, while every page 
is stamped with utility." — Christian Witness. 

GORDON— Prevention ; 

Or, An Appeal to Economy and Common Sense. 8vo, 6d. 

GORDON— The Word and the World. 

Twelfth Edition. Price 2d. 

GORDON— Leaves of Healing for the Sick and Sorrowful. 

Cheap Edition, limp cloth, 2s. 

GORDON— The Motherless Boy; 

With an Illustration by Sir J. Noel Paton, R.S.A. Cheap Edition, limp cloth, Is. 
"Alike in manner and matter calculated to attract youthful attention, and to 
attract it by the best of all means — sympathy." — Scotsman. 

GORDON— Our Daughters. 

An Account of the Young Women's Christian Association and Institute Union. 
Price 2d. 

GORDON— Hay Macdowall Grant of Arndilly; his Life, 

Labours, and Teaching. New and Cheaper Edition. 1 vol. crown Svo, limp 
cloth, 2s. 6d. 

HANNA— The Life of our Lord. 

By the Rev. William Hanna, D.D., LL.D. 6 vols., handsomely bound in cloth 
extra, gilt edges, 30s. 

Separate vols., cloth extra, gilt edges, 5s. each. 
1. The Earlier Years of our Lord. Fifth Edition. 



PUBLISHED BY DAVID DOUGLAS. 13 

2. The Ministry in Galilee. Fourth Edition. 

3. The Close of the Ministry. Sixth Thousand. 

4. The Passion Week. Sixth Thousand. 

5. The Last Day of our Lord's Passion. Twenty-third Edition. 

6. The Forty Days after the Resurrection. Eighth Edition. 

"If Dr. Hanna excels in one thing more than another, it is in the simplicity of 
his style. It is this quality which gives beauty and force to the work before us. 
One cannot proceed far into the pages of this Life of our Lord without being struck 
with the unbroken continuity of movement illustrative of the life and work of 
Christ."— Christian Union. 

HANNA— The Resurrection of the Dead. 

By William Hanna, D.D., LL.D. Second Edition. One vol. fcap. 8vo, 5s. 

HASTIE— Protestant Missions to the Heathen. A General 

Survey of their Present State throughout the World. By Prof. Th. Christlieb. 
Translated from the German by Rev. W. Hastie, Calcutta. 1 vol. demy 8vo, Is. 

HASTIE-Elements of Philosophy. 

Part First. Is. 

HASTIE-The Perpetuity of the Faith as our Ground of 

.Hope. Is. 

HODGSON- Errors in the Use of English. 

Illustrated from the Writings of English Authors, from the Fourteenth Century to 
Our Own Time. By the late W. B. Hodgson, LL.D., Professor of Political Economy 
in the University of Edinburgh. Fourth Edition. 1 vol. crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

" Those who most need such a book as Dr. Hodgson's will probably be the last 
to look into it. It will certainly amuse its readers, and will probably teach them 
a good deal which they did not know, or at least never thought about, before." — 
The Saturday Review. 

" Perhaps at no period in the history of our language was such a work as this 
needed so much as it is at present. ... It would save the feelings of many a lover 
of pure English were all forced, as a preliminary exercise, simply to read Professor 
Hodgson's collections of ' Errors in English.' " — N.B. Daily Mail. 

"Beyond all doubt, Professor Hodgson has attained his object — viz. to set forth 
the merits of correctness in English composition by furnishing examples of the de- 
merits of incorrectness — to bring home the abstract rule that a sentence must be 
lucid in order and logical in sequence." — The Athenaeum. 

" This little volume will surely do excellent service, and we strongly recommend 
it for the study of all." — Manchester Examiner. 

" This posthumous work of Dr. Hodgson's deserves a hearty welcome, for it is 
sure to do good service for the object it has in view."— Tlie Academy. 

"His conversation, as every one who had the pleasure of his acquaintance 
knows, sparkled with anecdote and epigram, and not a little of the lustre and 
charm of his talk shines out of those pages." — The Scotsman. 

"The book is neither large nor expensive, but it contains a great amount of 
careful and scholarly criticism." — Aberdeen Free Press. 

" No one who aims at a pure style of English composition should be without 
this book." — The Educational News. 

"As a help to composition this book will be found very useful, and to all it will 
prove a curious and interesting book for perusal." — Yorkshire Post. 

HODGSON -Life and Letters of W. B. Hodgson, late Pro- 
fessor of Political Economy in the University of Edinburgh. Edited by Professor 
J. M. D. Meiklejohn, M.A. 1 vol. crown 8vo. [In the Press. 

HOLMES-The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table. 

By Oliver Wendell Holmes. New and Revised Edition, containing fresh Preface 
and Bibliographical Notes by the Author. Printed at the Riverside Press. Crown 
8vo, 10s. 6d. 



14 LIST OF BOOKS 



HOLME S-The Professor at the Breakfast-Table. 

New Edition. Crown 8vo, 10s. 6d. 

HOLMES-The Poet at the Breakfast-Table. 

By Oliver Wendell Holmes, M.D. New Edition, carefully Eevised, with New 
Preface. Printed at the Riverside Press from New Electrotype Plates. With a 
Steel Portrait of the Author. Crown 8vo, 10s. 6d. 

" As he is everybody's favourite, there is no occasion for critics to meddle with 
him, either to censure or to praise. He can afford to laugh at the whole reviewing 
fraternity. His wit is all his own, so sly and tingling, but without a drop of ill- 
nature in it, and never leaving a sting behind. His humour is so grotesque and 
queer that it reminds one of the frolics of Puck ; and deep pathos mingles with it 
so naturally that when the reader's eyes are brimming with tears he knows not 
whether they have their source in sorrow or in laughter." — North American Review. 

HOLMES— Pocket Edition of the Breakfast Table Series in 

the Collection of Choice American Authors. 6 vols., Is. each ; or in cloth, gilt top, 
2s. a vol. 

HOME— Traces in Scotland of Ancient Water Lines, Marine, 

Lacustrine, and Fluviatile. By David Milne-Home, L.L.D., F.R.S.E. 1 vol. 
demy 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

" To the student of geology and archaeology the volume will present a compen- 
dium of precise and authentic observations, the importance of which cannot well 
be overrated, while for the general reader it contains a wonderfully interesting 
story of ceaseless change and vicissitude." — Glasgow Herald. 

HOPE— A Sketch of the Life of George Hope of Fenton 

Barns. Compiled by his Daughter. 6s. 

HOWARD— One Summer. 

By Blanche Willis Howard. 32mo, paper, Is. ; cloth, Is. 6d. and 2s. 

HO WELLS— A Modern Instance : A Novel. 

Published with the sanction of the Author. 
By W. D. Howells. Copyright Edition, in 2 vols, crown 8vo, 12s. 

" What interests us throughout is the vivid picture of American social life as it 
really is." — Spectator. 

"In 'A Modern Instance' Mr. Howells is as pitiless as life itself. As a piece 
of artistic work it cannot easily be surpassed."— St. James's Gazette. 

"Among the books which treat of the lives of Americans at home the most re- 
markable is the ' Modern Instance.' It is more powerful than any of Mr. Howells's 
previous works." — Blackivood's Magazine. 

' No one can call this book either pious or didactic fiction, but we have seldom 
met with a more religion-teaching book." — The Guardian (London). 

" ' A Modern Instance' is before all things a study of character." — Athenaeum. 

HOWELLS— Dr. Breen's Practice : A Novel. 

Copyright Edition, in 1 vol. crown 8vo, 2s. 6d., or in cloth, 3s. 6d. 

" In Dr. Breen's Practice we have an entertaining representation of modern 
American life, lightly and delicately touched off in Mr. Howells's peculiar style."— 
Literary World. 

HOWELLS— A Woman's Reason : A Novel. 

In crown 8vo. {In the Press. 

By the same Author and published with his sanction. 
Pocket Editions in One Shilling Volumes. Calico, Is. 6d.; cloth gilt, 2s. 



PUBLISHED BY DAVID DOUGLAS. 15 

HO WELLS— A Foregone Conclusion. 

" It is the greatest triumph of the artist that out of material so little idealised 
he should have produced a story of such enduring and pathetic ^interest." — The 
Times. 

HOWELLS- Their Wedding Journey. 

" With just enough of story and dialogue to give to it the interest of a novel. 
It is also one of the most charming books of travel that we have ever seen." — 
Christian Register (Boston). 

HOWELLS— A Chance Acquaintance. 

" The bright, courageous, light-hearted realism of the whole, the gay charm of 
the principal characters, the refined humour of some of the incidents, the senti- 
ment and style in which the pretty sparkling story is, as it were, embedded, were 
such as showed a new artistic force at work, and announced a great and original 
talent." — The Times. 

HOWELLS— The Lady of the Aroostook. 

2 Vols. 2s. 

" There are few more perfect stories than The Lady of the Aroostook." — The 
Times. 

HOWELLS — A Fearful Responsibility and Tonelli's 

Marriage. 

"The great body of the cultivated public has an instinctive delight in original 
genius, whether it be refined or sensational. Mr. Howells's is eminently refined. 
His humour, however vivid in form, is subtle and elusive in its essence. He de- 
pends, perhaps, somewhat too much on the feeling of humour in his readers to 
appreciate his own." — E. P. Whipple. 

HOWELLS— The Undiscovered Country. 

2 Vols. 2s. 

"The story is, like all Mr. Howells's creations, skilfully constructed and 
wrought out with careful elaboration of detail." — Freeman. 

HOWELLS— A Counterfeit Presentment, a Comedy, and a 

Parlour Car, a Farce. 

" In this comedy Mr. Howells gives new proof of his rare insight into char- 
acter, and ability to portray it by effective and discriminating touches, of his fine 
sense of dramatic scenes and incidents, and of his exquisite literary skill." 

HOWELLS-Out of the Question, a Comedy, and At the 

Sign of the Savage. 

" We may safely prophesy that among the cultivated class of readers Mr. 
Howells's books will be in steady demand. There are already six or seven of them 
issued in a cheap form by the publisher of A Modern Instance. From our own 
knowledge we can recommend A Chance Acquaintance and The Undiscovered 
Country as books of careful workmanship and accurate observation, written 
from the American point of view, and without the least apparent influence, either 
in style or point of view, of English writers. — Saturday Review. 

HOWELLS-Novels. 

These 10 vols., neatly bound in cloth gilt, in box, 21s. 

HO WELLS- Venetian Life. 2 Vols. 2s. • 

"His faculty of shrewd, sympathetic observation possessed itself easily of 
Italian sights and characters, but through all the track of Venetian lagoons or 
Florentine streets one feels the racy American temper, nothing daunted by the Old 
World. No description of Venice could be, as far as they go, more daintily, affec- 
tionately true."— Times. 



16 LIST OF BOOKS 



HOWE LLS— Italian Journeys. 2 Vols. 2s. 

" Venetian Life and Italian Journeys are delightful reading, and they bear the 
promise of the future novelist in them. When he travelled in Italian towns he 
was studying human nature, and fortunately there have been preserved in these 
two books a vast number of little studies, minute observations, such as in abund- 
ance go to make the writer of fiction."— Century. 

IRVING — A Memorial Sketch and a Selection from the 

Letters of the late Lieut. John Irving, R.N., of H.M.S. "Terror," in Sir John 
Franklin's Expedition to the Arctic Regions. Edited by Benjamin Bell, F.R.C. S.E. 
With Facsimiles of the Record and Irving's Medal and Map. 1 vol. post Svo, 5s. 

Jack and Mrs. Brown, and other Stories. 

By the Author of "Blindpits." 1 vol. crown 8vo, paper, 2s. 6d. ; cloth, 3s. 6d. 

JENKIN— Healthy Houses. 

By Fleeming Jenkin, F.R.S., Professor of Engineering in the University of Edin- 
burgh. Demy 8vo, 2s. 6d. 

"The three lectures will be found specially useful to the largely increasing class 
of house proprietors." — Courant. 

JEE, VISE —Epitaphs and Inscriptions from Burial-Grounds 

and Old Buildings in the North-East of Scotland. By the late Andrew Jervise, 
F.S.A. Scot. With a Memoir of the Author. Vol. II. Cloth, small 4to, 32s. 
Do. do. Roxburghe Edition, 42s. 

JERVISE— The History and Traditions of the Land of the 

Lindsays in Angus and Mearns. New Edition, Edited and Revised by the Rev. 
James Gammack. In 1 vol. demy 8vo. 14s. 

Do. do. Large Paper Edition [of which only 50 are printed], demy 4to, Rox- 
burghe binding, 42s. 
"The editing of these remains has been very careful, and the book, though it 
has its arid tracts, is sure to please north country readers." 

JOASS— A Brief Review of the Silver Question, 1871 to 1879. 

By Edward C. Joass, Fellow of the Faculty of Actuaries, Edin. 8vo, Is. 

KENNEDY— Pilate's Question, " Whence art Thou ? " 

An Essay on the Personal Claims asserted by Jesus Christ, and how to account for 
them. By John Kennedy, M.A., D.D., London. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

" Written on a skilfully arranged plan, is unquestionably a powerful and eloquent 
vindication of the orthodox and Catholic belief in opposition to rationalistic 
theories." — Scotsman. 

KEE- Sermons by the Rev. John Ker, D.D., Glasgow. 

Twelfth Edition. Crown Svo, 6s. 

"A very remarkable volume of sermons." — Contemporary Review. 

" The sermons before us are of no common order ; among a host of competitors 
they occupy a high class — we were about to say the highest class— whether viewed 
in point of composition, or thought, or treatment." — B. and F. Evangelical Review. 

KNIGHT— The English Lake District as interpreted in the 

Poems of Wordsworth. By William Knight, Professor of Moral Philosophy in the 
University of St. Andrews. Ex. fcap. Svo, 5s. 



PUBLISHED BY DAVID DOUGLAS. 17 

KNIGHT— Colloquia Peripatetiea (Deep Sea Soundings); 

Being Notes of Conversations with the late John Duncan, LL.D., Professor of 
Hebrew in the New College, Edinburgh. By Wtlliam Knight, Professor of Moral 
Philosophy in the University of St. Andrews. Fifth Edition, enlarged. 5s. 

" Since these lectures were published there has appeared an exceedingly in- 
teresting volume entitled ' Colloquia Peripatetiea,' by the late John Duncan, LL.D., 
Professor of Hebrew in the New College, Edinburgh. These Colloquies are reported 
by the Rev. Wm. Knight, who seems to be admirably adapted for the task he has 
undertaken. His friend must have been a man of rare originality, varied culture, 
great vigour in expressing thoughts which were worthy to be expressed and re- 
membered. . . . The reader who shall give himself the benefit and gratification 
of studying this short volume (it will suggest more to him than many of ten times 
its size) will find that I have not been bribed to speak well of it by any praise 
which Dr. Duncan has bestowed on me. The only excuse for alluding to it is, that 
it contains the severest censure on my writings which they have ever incurred, 
though they have not been so unfortunate as to escape censure. . . . Against 
any ordinary criticism, even a writer who is naturally thin-skinned becomes by 
degrees tolerably hardened. One proceeding from a man of such learning and. 
worth as Dr. Duncan I have thought it a duty to notice." — Extract from, Preface to 
" The Conscience." By the late Professor F. D. Maurice, Second Edition, 1872. 

LAING— Lindores Abbey, and the Burgh, of Newburgh ; 

Their History and Annals. By Alexander Laing, LL.D., RS.A. Scot. 1 vol. 
small 4to. With Index, and thirteen Full-page and ten Woodcut Illustrations, 21s. 

" This is a charming volume in every respect." — Notes and Queries. 

" The prominent characteristics of the work are its exhaustiveness and the 
thoroughly philosophic spirit in which it is written."— Scotsman. 

LAING— Triumphs of Christianity illustrated by History. 

A Lecture by Alexander Laing, LL.D. Crown 8vo, Is. 

LAWMAN — Recollections of Curious Characters and Plea- 
sant Places. By Charles Lanman, Washington; Author of "Adventures in the 
Wilds of America," "A Canoe Voyage up the Mississippi," " A Tour to the River 
Saguenay," etc. etc. In 1 vol. small demy 8vo, 12s. 



The Boy-Hunter of Chicoutimie. 
The Potomac Fisherman. 
Sword-Fish Fishing. 
Newfoundland. 
Block Island, etc. 



The Wizard of Anticosti. 

Forest Recollections. 

The Hunters of the Sea Elephant. 

Around Cape Horn. 

Montauk Point. 

Salmon - Fishing on the Jacques 
Cartier. 

"It is not unpleasant to be sometimes reminded by the appearance of a book of 
travel, written with greater fidelity and wider knowledge than is usually found, 
how little we know of the world and how large it really is. Mr. Lanman conscien- 
tiously notes down all that he has seen and what he knows."— Saturday Review. 

"A bundle of delightful reminiscences touched with that light and graceful 
hand which is common to all his type." — Academy. 

LANCASTER— Essays and Reviews. 

By the late Henry H. Lancaster, Advocate ; with a Prefatory Notice by the Rev. 
B. Jowett, Master of Balliol College, Oxford. Demy 8vo, with Portrait, 14s. 

LAURIE— On the Philosophy of Ethics. An Analytical 

Essay. By S. S. Laurie, A.M., F.R.S.E., Professor of the Theory, History, and 
Practice of Education in the University of Edinburgh. Demy 8vo, 6s. 

"Mr. Laurie's volume now before us is in substance, though not in form, a reply 
to Mr. Mill's Utilitarianism. Mr. Laurie has the metaphysical head and the 
metaphysical training of his countrymen, and has brought both to bear with great 
force on the problem proposed." — Saturday Review. 



18 LIST OF BOOKS 



LAURIE— Notes on British Theories of Morals. 

Demy 8vo, 6s. 

"His criticisms are candid and highly instructive, e.g. those of the views of 
Bentham, Mill, and Bain. He manifests great aptitude in detecting radical de- 
fects, in exposing logical inconsistencies, and in detecting the legitimate tendencies 
of philosophical systems." — British Quarterly. 

LORIMER— Bible Studies in Life and Truth. 

By the Rev. Robert Lorimer, M.A., Free Church, Mains and Strathmartine. In 
1 vol. crown 8vo, 5s. 

"It is in several respects a remarkable volume. . . . These discourses, the 
outcome of a thoughtful, earnest, and vigorous mind, are written in a strain of 
chaste and manly eloquence, and they are even more valuable for what they 
suggest than for what they directly teach." — Scotsman. 

"There is in these studies much that will help to govern the will, satisfy the 
mind with truth, and the heart with life." — Daily Review. 

"The distinctive fragrance of the old evangelical preaching of our fathers is 
combined with the modern spirit of exact research in Biblical science . . . and 
these studies may be regarded as a proof that the reconciliation between the old 
and the new in our Scottish Christian life is not so difficult as some suppose." — 
Aberdeen Free Press. 

"On every line of these sermons there is a trace of care and anxious thought. 
This preacher is no extempore orator. He is a student, and has made himself 
familiar with the best models." — Dundee Advertiser. 

"They are characterised by penetrative thought, lucidity, and cogency of state- 
ment, and a chaste and classic eloquence. They evince earnest study and wide 
reading." — Glasgow Herald. 

LIWD— Sermons. 

By Rev. Adam Lind, M.A., Elgin. Ex. fcap. 8vo, 5s. 

A Lost Battle. 

A Novel. 2 vols. Crown 8vo, 17s. 

"This in every way remarkable novel." — Morning Post. 

" We are all the more ready to do justice to the excellence of the author's drawing 
of characters." — Athenaeum. 

M'CRIE— John Calvin, a Fragment by the Late Thomas 

M'Crie, Author of " The Life of John Knox." Demy Svo, 6s. 

MACDUFF— The Parish of Taxwood, and some of its Older 

Memories. By Rev. J. R. Macduff, D.D. 1 vol. extra fcap. Svo, illustrated. 

MACFARLAWE— Principles of the Algebra of Logic, with 

Examples, by Alex. MacFarlane, M.A., D.Sc. (Edin.), F.R.S.E. 5s. 

MACKAY- Memoir of Sir James Dalrymple, First Vis- 
count Stair. A Study in the History of Scotland and Scotch Law during the 
Seventeenth Century. By M. J. G. Mackay, Advocate. Svo, 12s. 

MACKENZIE— Storms and Sunshine of a Soldier's Life. 

Lieut. -General Colin Mackenzie, C.B., 1825-1S81. With a Portrait. 2 vols, crown 
8vo. [In the Press. 

MACLAGAlSr— Nugae Canoraa Medicas. 

Lays of the Poet Laureate of the New Town Dispensary. Edited by Professor 
Douglas Maclagan. 4to. With Illustrations, 7s. 6d. 



PUBLISHED BY DAVID DOUGLAS. 19 

M ACL AGAIN" — The Hill Forts, Stone Circles, and other 

Structural Remains of Ancient Scotland. By C. Maclagan, Lady Associate of the 
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. With Plans and Illustrations. 1 vol. fol., 
31s. 6<L 

"We need not enlarge on the few inconsequential speculations which rigid 
archaeologists may find in the present volume. We desire rather to commend it to 
their careful study, fully assured that not only they, but also the general reader, 
will be edified by its perusal." — Scotsman. 

M'LAREET— The Light of the World. 

By David M'Laren, Minister of Humbie. Crown 8vo, extra, 6s. 

" We are conscious of having but very inadequately represented this valuable 
book, and can only hope that what we have said may lead all who have the oppor- 
tunity to study it for themselves." — Literary World. 

M'LAREJtf— The Book of Psalms in Metre. 

According to the version approved of by the Church of Scotland. Revised by Rev. 
David M'Laren. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. 

MACPHEESON- Omnipotence belongs only to the Beloved. 

By Mrs. Brewster Macpherson. 1 vol. extra fcap., 3s. 6d. 

MAXWELL— Antwerp Delivered in MDLXXVII. ; 

A Passage from the History of the Netherlands, illustrated with Facsimiles of a 
rare Series of Designs by Martin de Vos, and of Prints by Hogenberg, the Wierixes, 
etc. By Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., K.T. and M.P. In 1 vol. folio, 
5 guineas. 

" A splendid folio in richly ornamented binding, protected by an almost equally 
ornamental slip-cover. . . . Remarkable illustrations of the manner in which the 
artists of the time ' pursued their labours in a country ravaged by war, and in 
cities ever menaced by siege and sack.'" — Scotsman. 

MICHIE— History of Loch Kinnord. 

By the Rev. J. G. Michie. Demy 8vo, 2s. 6d. 

"It is throughout a piece of genuine, honest, literary workmanship, dealing 
thoroughly with its subject on the basis of careful study and personal inquiry and 
labour." — Aberdeen Free Press. 

MILN— Researches and Excavations at Carnac (Morbihan), 

The Bossenno, and Mont St. Michel. By James Mtln. In 1 vol. royal 8vo, with Maps, 
Plans, and numerous Illustrations in Wood-Engraving and Chromolithography. 

"Mr. Miln has made some interesting discoveries, and his record of them is 
simply and modestly written. He seems to have spared no pains either in making 
his excavations, or in writing and illustrating an account of them. . . . Mr. Miln has 
thus an opportunity worthy of an ambitious archaeologist, and he has succeeded in 
using it well. " — Saturday Review. 

"This elegant volume, one of those which are the luxury of art, is the work of 
an enthusiastic and well-informed antiquary."— British Quarterly. 

MILTsT— Excavations at Carnac (Brittany), a Record of Archae- 
ological Researches in the Alignments of Kermario. By James Miln. In 1 vol. 
royal 8vo, with Maps, Plans, and numerous Illustrations in Wood-Engraving. 15s. 

MITCHELL— The Past in the Present— What is Civilisa- 
tion? Being the Rhind Lectures in Archaeology, delivered in 1876 and 1878. By 
Arthur Mitchell, M.D., LL.D., Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 
In 1 vol. demy 8vo, with 148 Woodcuts, 15s. 

" Whatever differences of opinion, however, may be held on minor points, there can 
be no question that Dr. Mitchell's work is one of the ablest and most original pieces 
of archaeological literature which has appeared of late years." — St. James's Gazette. 



20 LIST OF BOOKS 



MITCHELL— Our Scotch. Banks: 

Their Position and their Policy. By Wm. Mitchell, S.S.C. Third Edition. 8vo, 5s. 

MOLBECH— Ambrosius : 

A Play, translated from the Danish of Christian K. F. Molbech by Alice Berry. 
Extra fcap. 8vo, 5s. 

MOEETON-On Horse-Breaking. 

By Robert Moreton. Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo, Is. 

MTJIR — Ecclesiological Notes on some of the Islands of 

Scotland, with other Papers relating to Ecclesiological Remains on the Scottish 
Mainland and Islands. By Thomas S. Muir, author of " Characteristics of Church 
Architecture," etc. In 1 vol. demy Svo, with numerous Illustrations. 

[In Preparation. 

MU WHO— Ancient Scottish Lake-Dwellings or Crannogs, 

with a Supplementary Chapter on Remains of Lake-Dwellings in England. By 
Robert Munro, M.D., F.S.A. Scot. 1 vol. demy Svo, profusely illustrated, 
price 21s. 

"It is a most valuable and methodical statement of all the facts connected 
with his own excavations in Ayrshire. It will doubtless become a standard 
authority on the subject of which it treats." — Times. 

"... Our readers maybe assured that they will find very much to interest 
and instruct them in the perusal of the work." — Athenazum. 

"... The issue of these reports in a handy volume was taken in hand by Dr. 
Munro, and the result is seen in the carefully-prepared and admirably got-up 
volume to which we have now to invite attention. "Saturday Review. 

NAPIER— "The Lanox of Auld:" 

An Epistolary Review of " The Lennox, by William Fraser." By Mark Napier. 
With Woodcuts and Plates. 1 vol. 4to, 15s. 

" The spirit of chivalry survives, though the age is gone. If any one doubts it he 
has only to dip into the pages of 'Lanox of Auld.' ... It places the reader in 
possession of both sides of the questions relating to the ' Earldom of Lennox.' " — 
Scotsman. 

NICHOLSON— Tenants' Gain not Landlords' Loss, and some 

other Economic Aspects of the Land Question. By Joseph Shield Nicholson, M.A., 
Professor of Political Economy in the University of Edinburgh. 1 vol. crown Svo, 5s. 

OBER — Camps in the Caribbees : Adventures of a Natu- 
ralist in the Lesser Antilles. By Frederick Ober. Illustrations, demy Svo, I2s. 

" Well-written and well-illustrated narrative of camping out among the Carib- 
bees." — Westminster Review. 

"Varied were his experiences, hairbreadth his escapes, and wonderful his glean- 
ings in the way of securing rare birds."— The Literary World. 

OGG— Cookery for the Sick and a Guide for the Sick-Room. 

By C. H. Ogg, an Edinburgh Nurse. Fcap. Is. 

OMOND— The Lord Advocates of Scotland from the close 

of the Fifteenth Century to the passing of the Reform Bill. By G. W. T. Omoxd, 
Advocate. 2 vols, demy Svo. 2Ss. 

PATBICK, B. W. COCHRAN- Beeords of the Coinage of 

Scotland, from the earliest, period to the Union. Collected by R. W. Cochrax- 
Patrick, M.P. Only two hundred and fifty copies printed. Now ready, in 2 vols. 
4to, with 16 Full-page Illustrations, Six Guineas. 
" The future Historians of Scotland will be very fortunate if many parts of their 



PUBLISHED BY DAVID DOUGLAS. 21 

materials are so carefully worked up for them and set before them in so complete 
and taking a form." — Athenozum. 

" When we say that these two volumes contain more than 770 records, of which 
more than 550 have never been printed before, and that they are illustrated by a 
series of Plates, by the autotype process, of the coins themselves, the reader may 
judge for himself of the learning, as well as the pains, bestowed on them both by 
the Author and the Publisher." — Times. 

" The most handsome and complete Work of the kind which has ever been pub- 
lished in this country." — Numismatic Chronicle, Ft. IV., 1876. 

"We have in these Records of the Coinage of Scotland, not the production of a 
dilettante, but of a real student, who, with rare pains and the most scholarly dili- 
gence, has set to work and collected into two massive volumes a complete history 
of the coinage of Scotland, so far as it can be gathered from the ancient records." 
— Academy. 

PATRICK— Early Records relating to Mining in Scotland : 

Collected by R. W. Cochran-Patrick, M.P. Demy 4to, 31s. 6d. 

"The documents contained in the body of the work are given without altera- 
tion or abridgment, and the introduction is written with ability and judgment, 
presenting a clear and concise outline of the earlier history of the Mining Industries 
of Scotland." — Scotsman. 

"The documents . . . comprise a great deal that is very curious, and no less 
that will be important to the historian in treating of the origin of one of the most 
important branches of the national industry." — Daily News. 

" Such a book . . . revealing as it does the first developments of an industry 
which has become the mainspring of the national prosperity, ought to be specially 
interesting to all patriotic Scotchmen." — Saturday Review. 

PATRICK -The Medals of Scotland: a Descriptive Cata- 
logue of the Royal and other Medals relating to Scotland. By R. W. Cochran- 
Patrick, M.P., of Woodside. Dedicated by special permission to Her Majesty the 
Queen. In 1 vol. 4to, with plates in facsimile of all the principal pieces. 

[In the Press. 

Popular Genealogists ; 

Or, The Art of Pedigree-making. Crown 8vo, 4s. 

' ' We have here an agreeable little treatise of a hundred pages, from an anony- 
mous but evidently competent hand, on the ludicrous and fraudulent sides of 
genealogy. The subject has a serious and important historical character, when 
regarded from the point of view of the authors of The Governing Families of 
England. But it is rich in the materials of comedy also. * 

" The first case selected by the writer before us is one which has often excited 
our mirth by the very completeness of its unrivalled absurdity. Nobody can turn 
over the popular genealogical books of our day without dropping on a family 
called Coulthart of Coulthart, Collyn, and Ashton-under-Lyne. The pedigree given 
makes the house beyond all question the oldest in Europe. Neither the Bourbons 
nor Her Majesty's family can be* satisfactorily carried beyond the ninth century, 
whereas the Coultharts were by that time an old and distinguished house. 

" We are glad to see such a step taken in the good work as the publication of the 
essay which has suggested this article, and which we commend to those who want 
a bit of instructive and amusing reading." — Fall Mall Gazette. 

PORTER— The Gamekeeper's Manual : being Epitome of the 

Game Laws for the use of Gamekeepers and others interested in the Preserva- 
tion of Game. By Alexander Porter, Deputy Chief Constable of Roxbnrghshire. 
Fcap. 8vo, Is. 

REID— Pictures from the Orkney Islands. 

By John T. Reid, Author of "Art Rambles in Shetland." In 1 vol. 4to, with 
numerous Illustrations, 25s. 



22 LIST OF BOOKS 



RENT ON— Oils and Water Colours. 

By William Renton. 1 vol. fcap., 5s. 

" The book is obviously for the Artist and the Poet, and for every one who shares 
with them a true love and zeal for nature's beauties." — Scotsman. 

" To have observed such a delicate bit of colouring as this, and to have written 
so good a sonnet in the 'strict style,' as that we have quoted, shows that our 
author has no common powers either as an observer^ a writer. "—Liverpool Albion. 

" To those minds that really hold this joy in beauty, Mr. Renton's book will 
undoubtedly give delight." — Northern Ensign. 

ROBERTSON— Kuram, Kabul, and Kandahar : being a Brief 

Record of the Impressions in Three Campaigns under General Roberts. By Lieut. 
Robertson, 8th, "The King's," Regiment. 1 vol. crown 8vo, with Maps, 6s., 

ROBERTSON— Historical Essays, 

In connection with the Land and the Church, etc. By E. William Robertson, 
Author of " Scotland under her Early Kings." In 1 vol. 8vo, 10s. 6d. 

ROBERTSON— Scotland under her Early Kings. 

A History of the Kingdom to the close of the 13th century. By E. William 
Robertson. In 2 vols. 8vo, cloth, 36s. 

" Mr. Robertson's labours are of that valuable kind where an intelligent and 
thorough sifting of original authorities is brought to bear upon a portion of history 
handed over hitherto, in a pre-eminent degree, to a specially mendacious set of 
Mediaeval Chroniclers, and (not so long ago) to a specially polemical and uncritical 
class of modern historians. He belongs to the school of Innes and Skene and 
Joseph Robertson, and has established a fair right to be classed with the Reeves 
and Todds of Irish historical antiquarianism, and the Sharpes, and Kembles, and 
Hardys in England." — Guardian. 

ROSEBERY— A Rectorial Address delivered before the Stu- 
dents of Aberdeen University, in the Music Hall at Aberdeen, on Nov. 5, 18S0. By 
Lord Rosebery. In demy 8vo, price 6d. 

ROSEBERY — A Rectorial Address delivered before the 

Students of the University of Edinburgh, November 4, 1882. By Lord Rosebery. 
Demy 8vo, price 6d. 

ST. JOHN— Notes and Sketches from the Wild Coasts of 

Nipon. With Chapters on Cruising after Pirates in Chinese Waters. By Henry 
C. St. John, Captain R.N. In 1 vol. small demy 8vo, with Maps and Illustrations, 
price 12s. 



Round Yesso. 

The Inland Sea Revisited. 

Currents and Typhoons. 

A Summer's Walk in Kiusiu. 

Deer-Shooting and other matters. 

The Kii Coast. 

Insects. 

Shooting, etc. 



Singing- Birds and Flowers, etc. 

Customs and Habits. 

Past and Present. 

Korea. 

Cruising after Pirates. 

Shooting in China. 

More Cruising after Pirates. 

Resume. 



" One of the most charming books of travel that has been published for some 
time." — Scotsman. 

"There is a great deal more in the book than Natural History. . . . His 
pictures of life and manners are quaint and effective, and the more so from the 
writing being natural and free from effort."— Athenceum. 



PUBLISHED BY DAVID DOUGLAS. 23 

"He writes with a simplicity and directness, and not seldom with a degree of 
graphic power, which, even apart from the freshness of the matter, render his book 
delightful reading. Nothing could be better of its kind than the description of the 
Inland Sea." — Daily News. 

"He dedicates the volume in a few graceful sentences to the memory of his 
father, the well-known author of the ' Wild Sports and Natural History of the 
Highlands,' &c. The son has certainly inherited the father's love of sport. . . . 
Written in a perfectly simple and unpretending style, it bears evidence of much 
literary taste, and is eminently the work of a keen sportsman." — Aberdeen Free 
Press. 

" The notes of so keen an observer of the habits of plants, insects, and animals, 
and on sea currents and storms, are not merely of curious interest in themselves, 
they will be of the highest value in illustrating the natural history and meteor- 
ology of a region which, from its situation and productions, is of singular interest 
to science." — Scotsman. 

" Clearly and tersely written, obviously the product of personal observation by 
one who is primarily a lover and observer of nature." — Inverness Courier. 

" For seven years he was surveying in Japan, and this work is the fruit of his 
winter leisure. While coasting round Yesso and the Kuriles he constantly kept 
the dredge at work, and discovered many new creatures. He does not confine him- 
self to natural history ; he tells us a great deal more than even Miss Bird of life in 
the interior of Japan. The book will take high rank." — Graphic. 

1 ' His rough notes of their very primitive ways are pleasantly put together — 
some of these 'ways' being extremely 'peculiar,' according to European ideas, 
but with a strange mixture of good and evil. Supporters of foreign missions might 
do worse than study Captain St. John's remarks on the difference between the pro- 
gress of Roman Catholic and Protestant missionary enterprise in the far East." — 
North British Daily Mail. 

ST. JOHN- Notes on the Natural History of the Province 

of Moray. By the late Charles St. John, author of " Wild Sports in the High- 
lands." Second Edition. In 1 vol. royal 8vo, with 40 page Illustrations of Scenery 
and Animal Life, engraved by A. Durand after sketches made by George Reid, 
R.S.A., and J. Wycliffe Taylor ; also, 30 Pen-and-ink Drawings by the author in 
facsimile. Price 50s. 

" This is a new edition of the work brought out by the friends of the late Mr. St. 
John in 1863 ; but it is so handsomely and nobly printed, and enriched with 
such charming illustrations, that we may consider it a new book." — St. James's 
Gazette. 

"Charles St. John was not an artist, but he had the habit of roughly sketching 
animals in positions which interested him, and the present reprint is adorned by a 
great number of these, facsimiled from the author's original pen and ink. Some of 
these, as, for instance, the studies of the golden eagle swooping on its prey, and 
that of the otter swimming with a salmon in its mouth, are very interesting, and 
full of that charm that comes from the exact transcription of unusual observa- 
tion." — Pall Mall Gazette. 

"The feature of the present edition is the series of beautiful sketches made 
specially for this volume by Mr. George Reid, R.S.A., and Mr. Wycliffe Taylor, 
together with numberless pieces from St. John's own sketch-book introduced into 
the text. ' Roughness ' they (the latter) certainly possess, almost as if St. John 
had thrown the inkstand at the paper, but withal a spirit of suggestiveness which 
makes them well-nigh unique among portraits of birds and other animals, and we 
cannot be too grateful to the editor for presenting them in this form." — Nation 
(New York). 

ST. JOHN— A Tour in Sutherlandshire, with Extracts from 

the Field-Books of a Sportsman and Naturalist. By the late Charles St. John, 
author of "Wild Sports and Natural History in the Highlands." With woodcuts. 
In 2 vols., small demy 8vo. [In the Press. 



24 LIST OF BOOKS 



SCHIEKN"— Life of James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell. 

By Professor Schiern, Copenhagen. Translated from the Danish by the Rev. 
David Berry, F.S.A. Scot. Demy 8vo, 16s. 

" The real interest in the book lies in the information which it contains about 
the life of Bothwell after the surrender at Carberry. The only trustworthy infor- 
mation concerning the latter period of his life must be sought from Scandinavian 
sources." 

" Not only well written and interesting, but at the same time so thoroughly 
trustworthy that it can well bear the test of close critical examination."— Saturday 
Review. 

Scotch Folk. 

Illustrated. Third Edition enlarged. Ex. fcap. 8vo, price Is. 

"They are stories of the best type, quite equal in the main to the average of 
Dean Ramsay's well-known collection." — Aberdeen Free Press. 

SHAIRP— Studies in Poetry and Philosophy. 

By J. C. Shairp, LL.D., Principal of the United College of St. Salvator and St. 
Leonard, St. Andrews. Second Edition. 1 vol. fcap. 8vo, 6s. 

"In the 'Moral Dynamic,' Mr. Shairp seeks for something which shall per- 
suade us of the vital and close bearing on each other of moral thought and spiritual 
energy. It is this conviction which has animated Mr. Shairp in every page of the 
volume before us. It is because he appreciates so justly and forcibly the powers 
of philosophic doctrine over all the field of human life, that he leans with such 
strenuous trust upon those ideas which Wordsworth unsystematically, and Cole- 
ridge more systematically, made popular and fertile among us." — Saturday Review. 

" The finest essay in the volume, partly because it is upon the greatest and most 
definite subject, is the first, on Wordsworth. . . . We have said so much upon 
this essay that we can only say of the other three that they are fully worthy to 
stand beside it." — Spectator. 

SHAIRP— Culture and Religion. 

By Principal Shairp, LL.D. Fifth Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

" A wise book, and unlike a great many other wise books, has that carefully 
shaded thought and expression which fits Professor Shairp to speak for Culture 
no less than for Religion." — Spectator. 

" Those who remember a former work of Principal Shairp's, ' Studies in Poetry 
and Philosophy,' will feel secure that all which comes from his pen will bear the 
marks of thought, at once careful, liberal, and accurate. Nor will they be dis- 
appointed in the present work. . . . We can recommend this book to our 
readers." — Athenaeum. 

"We cannot close without earnestly recommending the book to thoughtful 
young men. They will find in it the work of a cultivated and learned mind, and 
of a pure, generous, and upright heart. It combines the loftiest intellectual power 
with a simple and childlike faith in Christ, and exerts an influence which must be 
stimulating and healthful. "— Freeman. 

SHAIRP— On Poetic Interpretation of Nature. 

By J. C. Shairp, LL.D., Principal of the United College of St. Salvator and St. 
Leonard, St. Andrews. Second Edition. In 1 vol. ex. fcap. Svo, 6s. 

" There is a real sense of relief and refreshment on turning from the news of the 
day to the unspeakable repose of nature, and in the sense of coolness, and still- 
ness, and greenness, of which we become conscious as we follow Professor Shairp 
through these interesting and suggestive pages." — Times. 

SHAIRP— Wordsworth's Tour in Scotland in 1803, in Com- 
pany with his Sister and S. T. Coleridge ; being the Journal of Miss Wordsworth, 
now for the first time made public. Edited by Principal Shairp, LL.D. Second 
Edition. 1 vol. crown Svo, 6s. 

" If there were no other record of her than those brief extracts from Her Journal 



PUBLISHED BY DAVID DOUGLAS. 25 

during the Highland Tour, which stand at the head of several of her "brother's 
poems, these alone would prove her possessed of a large portion of his genius." — 
North British Review. 

" The volume glistens with passages nearly as charming, showing how rich in 
' Wordsworthian ' fancy was this modest sister. . . . We have to thank Dr. 
Shairp, and the thanks must be hearty, for now for the first time giving them in a 
complete form." — Athenceum. 

" All who love Wordsworth and Nature will welcome this book. To many it 
will add a more precious seeing to the eye, and make them understand how, if 
they look, they will see." — Scotsman. 

" Next to the charming simplicity we like the quiet, picturesque power of this 
diary." — Dundee Advertiser. 

" The book is one to be read and prized— to be read through with delight, and 
to be often taken up again with an over full enjoyment." — Daily Review. 

" A simple, and in many respects a touching record is this, brimming over 
with sisterly love — womanly, tender, and graceful."— Standard. 

" Many readers will turn with a pure delight from mental wars and questions 
to wander amid the grandeur and beauty of Scottish glens and mountains in the 
company of so bright a being as Dora Wordsworth, the loved and loving sister 
of the poet. — Windsor Gazette. 

" As a picture of Scotland seventy years ago, there is not in the whole com- 
pass of English Literature a work that can be said to equal or even approach this 
one."- — Literary World. 

" The 'Journal' would be worth reading if it were only for the sake of finding 
these lines in their proper place. ' What ? you are stepping Westward ? Yea. ' " — 
Academy. 

" It will extend the fame of Wordsworth, and cause many who know him not, 
or are little acquainted with his writings, to become his admirers ; and evermore 
with us the name 'Dorothy' shall be melodious as the name of one who is a 
sweet-souled benefactress of our race." — Aberdeen Herald. 

SHAIRP— Kilm.ah.oe, a Highland Pastoral, 

And other Poems. Fcap. 8vo, 6s. 

SIMPSON"— The Near and the Far View, 

And other Sermons. By Rev. A. L. Simpson, D.D., Derby. 1 vol. ex. fcap. 8vo, 5s. 

" Very fresh and thoughtful are these sermons." — Literary World. 

" Dr. Simpson's sermons may fairly claim distinctive power. He looks at things 
with his own eyes, and often shows us what with ordinary vision we had failed to 
perceive. . . . The sermons are distinctively good." — British Quarterly Review. 

SIMPSON"— ArchaDological Essays. 

By the late Sir James Simpson, Bart. Edited by the late John Stuart, LL.D. 
2 vols. 4to, 21s. 

1. Archaeology. 

2. Inchcolm. 

3. The Cat Stane. 

4. Magical Charm-Stones. 



5. Pyramid of Gizeh. 

6. Leprosy and Leper Hos- 

pitals. 

7. Greek Medical Vases. 



8. Was the Roman Army 

provided with Medical 
Officers? [etc. etc. 

9. Roman Medicine Stamps, 



SKENE— The Four Ancient Books of "Wales, 

Containing the Cymric Poems attributed to the Bards of the sixth century. By 
William P. Skene, Historiographer-Royal for Scotland. With Maps and Fac- 
similes. 2 vols. Svo, 36s. 

"Mr. Skene's book will, as a matter of course and necessity, find its place on 
the tables of all Celtic antiquarians and scholars." — Archozologia Cambrensis. 



26 LIST OF BOOKS 



SKENE— Celtic Scotland : A History of Ancient Alban. 

In Three vols. 45s. Illustrated with Maps. 

I. — History and Ethnology. II. — Church and Culture. 
III. — Land and People. 
" Forty years ago Mr. Skene published a small historical work on the Scottish 
Highlands which has ever since been appealed to as an authority, but which has 
long been out of print. The promise of this youthful effort is amply fulfilled in 
the three weighty volumes of his maturer years. As a work of historical research 
it ought in our opinion to take a very high rank." — Times. 

SKENE— The Gospel History for the Young. 

By William F. Skene, D.C.L., <fec. Small crown 8vo. [In the Press. 

SMALL— Scottish "Woodwork of the Sixteenth and Seven- 
teenth Centuries. Measured, Drawn, and Lithographed by J. W. Small, Architect. 
In one folio volume, with 130 Plates, Four Guineas. 

"Mr. J. W. Small's very admirable volume, illustrative of ancient Scottish wood- 
work. ... It is impossible to over-estimate the value of the minute details that 
abound in Mr. Small's admirable work. Very opportunely has Mr. Small come to 
the rescue of art furniture with his admirable work, of which it is impossible to 
speak in unduly eulogistic terms." — Furniture Gazette. 

SMITH— Shelley : a Critical Biography. 

By George Barnett Smith. Ex. fcap. 8vo, 6s. 

SMITH— The Sermon on the Mount. 

By the Rev. Walter C. Smith, D.D. Crown Svo, 6s. 

SMITH— Answer to the Form of Libel before the Free 

Presbytery of Aberdeen. By W. Robertson Smith, Professor of Oriental Languages 
and Exegesis of the Old Testament in the Free Church College, Aberdeen. Svo, Is. 

SMITH— Additional Answer to the Libel, 

With some Account of the Evidence that parts of the Pentateuchal Law are later 
than the Time of Moses. By W. Robertson Smith, Professor of Oriental Languages 
and Exegesis of the Old Testament in the Free Church College, Aberdeen. Svo, Is. 

SMITH— Answer to the Amended Libel, with Appendix 

containing Plea in Law. By W. Robertson Smith. 8vo, 6d. 

SMITH— Open Letter to Principal Rainy. 6d. 
SMYTH-Life and Work at the Great Pyramid. 

With a Discussion of the Facts ascertained. By C. Piazzi Smyth, F.R.SS.L. and 
E., Astronomer-Royal for Scotland. 3 vols, demy 8vo, 56s. 

SMYTH— Madeira Meteorologic. 

Being a Paper on the above subject read before the Royal Society, Edinburgh, on 
the 1st of May 1882. By C. Piazzi Smyth, Astronomer-Royal for Scotland. In 
1 vol. small 4to, price 6s. 

SOUTHESK— Saskatchewan and the Rocky Mountains. 

Diary and Narrative of Travel, Sport, and Adventure, during a Journey through 
part of the Hudson's Bay Company's Territories in 1859 and 1S60. By the Earl 
of Southesk, K.T., F.R.G.S. 1 vol. demy Svo, with Illustrations on Wood by 
Whymper, 18s. 

SOUTHESK— Herminius. 



A Romance. By I. E. S. Fcap. Svo, 



PUBLISHED BY DAVID DOUGLAS. 27 

SOUTHESK— Jonas Fisher. 

A Poem in Brown and White. Cheap Edition, Price Is. 

SPEDDING. See GAIRDNER. 
SPENS— Darroll, and other Poems. 

By Walter Cook Spens, Advocate. Crown 8vo, 5s. 

" This volume will repay perusal. It is one which could have been written 
only by a man of culture."— Daily Review. 

" He writes with feeling, and displays considerable facility in the handling of 
almost every ordinary variety of metre."— Scotsman. 

SPEWS— Should the Poor -Law in all Cases deny Relief to 

the Able-bodied Poor? By Walter Cook Spens, Advocate, Sheriff-Substitute of 
Lanarkshire. Demy Svo, Is. 

SPINNAKER— Spindrift from the Hebrides. 

By Spinnaker. With Eight Etchings. Crown 8vo, Is. 6d. 

STOCKTON-Rudder Grange. 

By Frank R. Stockton. 1 vol. Is., and cloth 2s. 

" It may be safely recommended as a very amusing little book." — Aihenwum. 

"The style has an engaging freshness and naivete, and the amusing situations, 
of which the book is full, are hit off with much humour of the more delicate order." 
— Glasgow News. 

" This is a volume of American humour, pure and sparkling as lemonade." — 
— Aberdeen Free Press. 

"Altogether 'Rudder Grange' is as cheery, as humorous, and as wholesome a 
little story as we have read for many a day." — St. James's Gazette. 

"The minutest incidents are narrated with such genuine humour and gaiety, 
that at the close of the volume the reader is sorry to take leave of the merry 
innocent party." — Westminster Review. 

STEVENSON — Christianity Confirmed by Jewish and 

Heathen Testimony, and the Deductions from Physical Science, etc. By Thomas 
Stevenson, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 
Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

STRACHAN— What is Play ? 

A Physiological Inquiry. Its bearing upon Education and Training. By John 
Strachan, M.D., Jun. In 1 vol. fcap., Is. 

" We have great pleasure in directing the attention of our readers to this little 
work . . . bearing as it does on one of the most important aspects of physiological 
medicine, as well as on education in the highest sense of the word." — Lancet. 

" A very interesting, and, in the main, a wise little book." — Mind. 

" It is so seldom that so much sound sense, dear reasoning, and able develop- 
ment of ideas, which will probably be new to the majority of readers, are com- 
pressed into a hundred duodecimo pages, as Dr. Strachan has contrived to put 
into his little treatise on Play." — Scotsman. 

SYMINGTON— Good Lives : Some Fruits of the Nineteenth 

Century. By H. M. Symington, D.D. 1 vol., small crown 8vo. [In the Press. 

TAIT— Sketch of Thermodynamics. 

By P. G. Tait, Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh. 
Second Edition, revised and extended. Crown 8vo, 5s. 

Talks with our Farm-Servants. 

By An Old Farm-Servant. Crown 8vo ; paper 6d., cloth Is. 



28 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY DAVID DOUGLAS. 

Tommie Brown and the Queen of the Fairies; a new Child's 

Book, in fcap. 8vo. "With Illustrations, 4s. 6d. 

Let pain be pleasure, and pleasure be pain. 

" There is no wonder that children liked the story. It is told neatly and ■well," 
and is full of great cleverness, while it has that peculiar character the absence of 
which from many like stories deprives them of any real interest for children." — 
Scotsman. 

" The story is a delightful bit of fancy, primarily calculated to create wonder- 
ment in the youthful mind, but none but the dullest reader will turn over the 
pages of the engrossing narrative without discovering that the author inculcates 
numerous lessons of the most wholesome kind." — Daily Review. 

" The author has contributed a story which could not fail to delight the hearts 
of fairy-tale loving children." — Aberdeen Free Press. 

TROTTER— Our Mission to the Court of Maroeeo in 1880, 

under Sir John Drtjmmond Hay, K.C.B., Minister Plenipotentiary at Tangier, and 
Envoy Extraordinary to His Majesty the Sultan of Marocco. By Captain Philip 
Durham Trotter, 93d Highlanders. Illustrated from Photographs by the Hon. 
D. Lawless, Rifle Brigade. In 1 vol. square demy Svo, 24s. 

" Very attractively written .... not only highly instructive but also ex- 
tremely amusing." — Times. 

"There is much in this book which is well worth reading, and the author's 
style is always lively. The illustrations of the most interesting places and ruins 
are from photographs taken by Mr. Lawless, and are very successful." — Guardian. 

The Book-Lover's Enchiridion : a Selection of Thoughts on 

the Solace and Companionship of Books. Bed edges 5s., gilt 6s. 
The Upland Tarn : A Village Idyll. 

In 1 vol. small crown, price 5s. 

WILSON— The Botany of Three Historical Records : 

Pharaoh's Dream, The Sower, and the King's Measure. By A. Stephen Wilson. 
Crown 8vo, with 5 plates, 3s. 6d. 

" The book is useful as affording illustrations of Scripture incident and teach- 
ing. "—Inverness Courier. 

" The writer deserves credit for the pains he has taken in making his researches, 
and by means of well-designed woodcuts he has so illustrated the work as to make 
his arguments as clear as is possible." — Courant. 

WILSON-' A Bushel of Corn.' 

By A. Stephen Wilson. In 1 vol. crown Svo. 

WILSON— Reminiscences of Old Edinburgh. 

By Daniel Wilson, LL.D., F.R.S.E., Professor of History and English Literature 
in University College, Toronto, Author of " Prehistoric Annals of Scotland," etc. 
etc. 2 vols, post Svo, 15s. 

WYLD— Christianity and Reason: 

Their necessary connection. By R. S. Wyld, LL.D. Extra fcap. Svo, 3s. 6d. 



EDINBURGH: DAVID DOUGLAS, 15 Castle Street. 






Oo 


















